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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 13. Biotic And Abiotic Interactions > Flashcards

13. Biotic And Abiotic Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main physical conditions that may effect distribution?

A

Temperature, geology

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2
Q

Where might different mesohabitats be found in a stream?

A

Mud, river channel, snags

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3
Q

What are the two forms of competition?

A

Inter specific and intraspecifc

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4
Q

What is exploitation competition?

A

Where food or space are limited?

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5
Q

What is interference competition?

A

Aggressive interactions between competitor species individuals

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6
Q

How can competition be reduced?

A

Resource partitioning

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7
Q

How does hydropstchidae avaoid competition

A

Different species live in different areas of the stream

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8
Q

Where can microhabitat partitioning take place?

A

Ok or around rocks and boulders , different points of the rock can harbour different species

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9
Q

What happened when glossoma was reduced?

A

Baetis increased

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10
Q

What do the relative numbers of herbivores depend on?

A

The success of others, competition

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11
Q

Name a net spinning caddis?

A

Hydropsychae

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12
Q

How did fish use resource partitioning in the Mississippi?

A

Areas with vegetation and depth impacted where most species lived

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13
Q

What are the main aquatic predators?

A

Fish

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14
Q

What insects can be predators

A

Dragon flies, stone flies, choronomidae. Basically lots of flies

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15
Q

How do predators select their prey?

A

Size, activity, visibility

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16
Q

What are the 2 main prey mechanisms to avoid predation?

A

Capture and encounter

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17
Q

Where might prey hide in a stream

A

Creveses in the rocks, move into the hyporeheic zone

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18
Q

How do prey reduce captive rates?

A

Detect and flee- precontact, armour, aggressive traits, playing dead-post contact

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19
Q

What do daphnia produce to reduce predation by fish?

A

Helmet horns

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20
Q

Which insect uses fast swimming to escape predation?

A

Baetis

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21
Q

What is a common adaption to reduce predation in stream organisms?

A

Camouflage, a lot of insects are the colour of their environment

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22
Q

What is Aposematism

A

The use of extreme colour to warn predators, colour can be linked to foul taste or chemicals

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23
Q

Which garden insect can taste unpleasant and can release a toxic substance?

A

Lady birds

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24
Q

How does the water strider vary spatially?

A

Only in vegetation when fish are present and only out in the open when there are no fish

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25
Q

What animals can change their development rate so that they emerge smaller when more fish are present?

A

Mayfly

26
Q

What is training bias?

A

When fish only feed on one species of insect as they know this one is safe

27
Q

What has been said about control in the trophic system?

A

Areas of top down control, animals at the top control those at the bottom

28
Q

What Does herbivory do to peripyton?

A

Reduces it

29
Q

What else does herbivory do?

A

Influences community composition, opening up areas for other species

30
Q

What happens to algae with grazing pressure?

A

Their photosynthetic rate increases with pressure

31
Q

What is the harsh benign concept?

A

A gradient in streams

32
Q

What does harsh mean according to peckarsky?

A

Few competition predation effects

33
Q

According to peckersky?

What does benign mean?

A

Environments allow for well developed competition

34
Q

What is disterbance?

A

Relatively discrete event in time that removed organisms and opens up space that can be colonised by individuals

35
Q

What is an example of a common disaster in a stream?

A

Flood

36
Q

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

We expect to find the highest level of diversity in middle levels of disturbance

37
Q

What is the patch dynamic concept?

A

Disturbance opens up patches for new colonisers

38
Q

What is another name for fugitive species?

A

Ruderal species

39
Q

What species will be dominated by good competitors?

A

Stable systems like large rainforest rivers

40
Q

What systems do fugitive species dominate?

A

Small flashy unreliable habitats

41
Q

How can patches be created though biological activity?

A

Salmon redds

42
Q

How can nuphar lutea create more habitats

A

Reducing flow, deposition of sediments

43
Q

What effect can crayfish have on systems?

A

Clean gravel, larger supply of FPOM

44
Q

How much can blackflies reduce flow in water?

A

75%less flow after 60mm

45
Q

How do hydropsyche make room for mayflies?

A

The reduction of flow

46
Q

What are reciprocal subsidies?

A

When one environment is benefiting the other

47
Q

Why does it take longer for salmon to move into newly formed streams?

A

They normally only go back to the stream where they were born

48
Q

When happens do adult salmon when they go back up stream?

A

They die, massive release of nutrients

49
Q

How is the salmon carcus used?

A

Different parts of the salmon used by different animals, bears eat the heads

50
Q

What caddis fly can expand to huge numbers to feed on salmon carcass?

A

Ecclisomyia

51
Q

What happens after the bears are finished with the fish?

A

Leave bits of the carcass or defecate out

52
Q

How can tree rings link to salmon abundance?

A

The more salmon the thinker faster growing the tree is

53
Q

How many insects are there in summer streams per meter squared?

A

250mg

54
Q

When are terrerestrial invertebrates more important?

A

The summer

55
Q

When do most fish feed?

A

The afternoon

56
Q

What is Allen’s paradox?

A

Trout consumed 30x more biomass than what was available in the stream, in the summer 60% can be invertebrates

57
Q

What else can eat stoneflies

A

Ground beetles, 80% of diet

58
Q

What impact does predation by beetles have on the river system?

A

Less egg laying, control of the environment

59
Q

What is Thanotaxis?

A

Playing dead

60
Q

What is another name for a micro habitat?

A

Meso habitats

61
Q

Who came up with the patch dynamics theory?

A

Townsend

62
Q

What is patch dynamics?

A

Disturbances continually opening up patches that are colonised

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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