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BDS 2: FHHD > SP2: Lung Diseases > Flashcards

SP2: Lung Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the acinus?

A

Terminal respiratory unit containing the alveoli

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2
Q

The respiratory tract is particular prone to which type of infection?

A

Air-borne infection

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3
Q

What is an infection of the lungs called?

A

Pneumonia or pneumonitis

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4
Q

Define pneumonia

A

Infection of the lungs leading to alveolar inflammation

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of pneumonia?

A
  • Lobar pneumonia
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Atypical pneumonia
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6
Q

What is affected during lobar pneumonia?

A

Affects large part or entire lobe

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7
Q

Lobar pneumonia is ‘community-acquired’ what does this mean?

A

Can affect anyone but typically afflicts previously healthy males aged 20-50

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8
Q

What is the pathogen that causes lobar pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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9
Q

What are some of the clinical features of lobar pneumonia? (5)

A
  • High grade fevers
  • Productive cough
  • Rusty sputum
  • Pleuritic chest pain
  • Signs of consolidation (tap chest)
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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of lobar pneumonia?

Give duration of each stage

A
  • Congestion (24 hrs)
  • Red hepatisation (2-4d)
  • Grey hepatisation (4- 8d)
  • Resolution (8-10d)
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11
Q

Explain what occurs during the congestion stage of lobar pneumonia (3)

A
  • Vessel engorges
  • Oedema in alveoli
  • Lung becomes heavy and red
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12
Q

Explain what occurs during the red hepatisation stage of lobar pneumonia (2)

A
  • Outpouring of neutrophils and RBC’s into alveoli

- Which gives it a liver like appearance

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13
Q

Explain what occurs during the grey hepatisation stage of lobar pneumonia

A
  • Fibrin and macrophages replace neutrophils and RBC’s
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14
Q

What can be a possible complication of untreated lobar pneumonia?

A

Formation of abscess in the lungs

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15
Q

What is the most common type of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia

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16
Q

How is Bronchopneumonia acquired?

A

Hospital-acquired

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17
Q

What are the 4 groups are most vulnerable of bronchopneumonia?

A
  • Chronic debilitating illness
  • Secondary to viral infections
  • Infancy
  • Old age
    (typically when defence systems are weakest)
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18
Q

Which bacteria causes bronchopneumonia?

A

Any bacteria can cause this

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19
Q

How does bronchopneumonia present on the lungs?

A

Grey or grey-red spots of consolidation

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20
Q

What is the most likely outcome of bronchopneumonia? Why is this?

A

Death, because its is usually a terminal event in other debilitating illness or extremes of age

21
Q

What pathogens cause atypical pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasmal or viral

22
Q

Where is the inflammation from atypical pneumonia restricted to? (2)

A
  • Alveolar septa

- Interstitial tissues

23
Q

Comment on the symptoms of atypical pneumonia

A
  • Symptoms more general than localised

- Symptoms are highly out of proportion

24
Q

What pathogen causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

25
Q

When does pulmonary TB normally occur?

A

Infection occurs early in childhood

26
Q

Which vaccine protects children for Pulmonary TB?

A

BCG

27
Q

What do primary TB lesions on the lung represent?

A

Represents first contact with tubercle bacilli

28
Q

What is the Ghon complex?

A

Lesion from primary TB typically 1cm in mid zone with lymph node

29
Q

What is secondary TB?

A

Reinfection or reactivation

30
Q

Where are the lesions of secondary TB situated?

A

Usually apical, about 3cm at clinical presentation

31
Q

What is Miliary TB?

A

Bloodborne dissemination within the lung or throughout the body (TB can spread to any organ)

32
Q

Which group are fungal infections of the lungs most commonly seen in?

A

Seen with those who are immunocompromised e.g. patients with HIV

33
Q

When can you diagnose chronic bronchitis

A

Patient produces productive cough for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years

34
Q

Which 2 types of COPD are coexistent?

A
  • Chronic Bronchitis

- Emphysema

35
Q

What is bronchial asthma?

A

Increased irritability of bronchial tree

36
Q

What is an asthma attack?

A

Episode of reversible bronchospasm

37
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles with necrosis of their walls

38
Q

When does bronchiectasis usually manifest?

A

Usually follows obstruction or childhood viral pneumonia

39
Q

What are the clinical presentations of bronchiectasis?

A

Airways become saclike, filled with foul smelling pus

40
Q

What is a direct cause of lung cancer?

A

Directly caused by cigarette smoking

41
Q

How many carcinogens are there in cigarette smoke?

A

Over 1200

42
Q

What are the changes in cell type during lung cancer (4)

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Stratified squamous
  • Squamous dysplasia
  • Carcinoma
43
Q

Which type of lung cancer is not surgically treatable?

A

Small cell carcinoma

44
Q

What are some local symptoms of lung cancer? (3)

A
  • Cough
  • Haemoptysis (coughing blood)
  • Pain
45
Q

What are some general symptoms of lung cancer? (2)

A
  • Weight loss

- Clubbing

46
Q

Lung cancer can cause Paraneoplastic syndromes what is this?

A

Tumour cells secrete hormones which cause other symptoms such as clubbing

47
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Alveolar pink granular fluid builds up in the lungs

48
Q

How do you treat pulmonary oedema?

A

With diuretics

49
Q

What happens to the lungs during Diffuse Alveolar Damage?

A

Oedema fluid and fibrinous membranes line alveoli

BDS 2: FHHD (34 decks)

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