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BDS 2: FHHD > IM1: Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

IM1: Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
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2
Q

Which granulocyte is the most numerous innate immune cell?

A

Neutrophil

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3
Q

Which granulocytes is involved in allergic reactions? (2)

A
  • Eosinophil

- Basophil

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4
Q

What are mast cells and where are they found?

A

Mast cells can mediate allergic reactions by releasing inflammatory chemicals like histamine. These cells are found in tissues

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5
Q

What are the precursors of macrophages? Where are these macrophages found?

A
  • Monocytes

- Bloodstream and in tissues

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6
Q

What are some important non-immune functions of macrophages? (2)

A
  • Recycling dead cells (ie RBCs)

- Clearing away cellular debris

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7
Q

Explain the neutrophil and macrophage response to local injury

A
  • Neutrophils accumulate at sites of local tissue injury
  • They then communicate with each other using lipid and other secreted mediators to form cellular swarms.
  • Signals coordinate macrophages to surround neutrophil cluster to form a tight wound seal
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8
Q

What type of immune cell is a dendritic cell?

What cell do they develop from?

A
  • Antigen presenting cell

- Monocytes

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9
Q

Which cells recognise antigens on APCs? (2)

A
  • Adaptive B cells

- T cells

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10
Q

What are the importance of MHC molecules in dendritic cells? (2)

A

MHC provides a checkpoint and helps immune cells distinguish between host and foreign cells

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11
Q

Which MHC molecule is involved in intracellular antigens?

A

MHC-I

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12
Q

Which MHC molecule is involved in extracellular antigens?

A

MHC-II

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13
Q

How do NK cells kill virus-infected cells or tumour cells?

A
  • They contain intracellular compartments called granules
  • Filled with proteins that can form holes in the target cell
  • Causing apoptosis
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14
Q

What are some key differences between apoptosis and necrosis?

A
  • Apoptosis does not release danger signals

- Through apoptosis, immune cells can discreetly remove infected cells and limit bystander damage

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15
Q

What are the 2 major functions of B cells?

A
  • They present antigens to T cells

- Produce antibodies to neutralize infectious microbes and the toxins produced by them

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16
Q

What are the 3 main functions of antibodies?

A
  • Neutralisation
  • Opsonisation
  • Complement (directly destroying bacteria)
17
Q

What are the 2 ways B cells express antibodies?

A
  • The B Cell receptor is an antibody in itself

- B cells secrete antibodies that are soluble

18
Q

What are 2 major functions of T cells?

A
  • Killing infected cells

- Activating/Recruiting other immune cells

19
Q

Give an example of cytotoxic T cells

A
  • CD8+ T cells

- CD4+ T cells

20
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells remove infected cells?

A

Once bound to the infected cell cytotoxic T cells release cytotoxins causing apoptosis

21
Q

What are the four major CD4+ T-cell subsets

A
  • TH1
  • TH2
  • TH17
  • Treg
22
Q

What is the function of TH1 cells?

A

Coordinate immune responses against intracellular microbes. They produce and secrete molecules that alert and activate other immune cells.

23
Q

What is the function of TH2 cells?

A

Coordinate immune responses against extracellular pathogens by alerting B cells, granulocytes, and mast cells

24
Q

What is the function of TH17 cells?

A

Produce IL-17 which activates immune and non- immune cells

25
Q

What is the function of Treg cells?

A

Monitor and inhibit the activity of other T cells

26
Q

The molecules that activate receptors are called?

A

Ligands

27
Q

How can immune cells communicate? (2)

A
  • Cell-to-cell contact

- Secreted signalling molecules (ligands)

28
Q

What do type I interferons do?

A

Mediate antiviral immune responses

29
Q

What do type II interferons do?

A

Important for antibacterial responses

30
Q

What do interleukins do?

A

Provide context-specific instructions, with activating or inhibitory responses for immune cells

31
Q

Give an examples of colony-stimulating factors (2)

A
  • Interferons

- Interleukins

32
Q

What do tumour necrosis factor (TNF) stimulate?

A

Immune-cell proliferation and activation

33
Q

Where are Toll-like receptors found?

What is their function?

A
  • Expressed on innate immune cells, like macrophages and dendritic cells
  • Innate immune-cell activation and inflammatory responses
34
Q

What is the benefit of the genes for BCRs/TCRs randomly being rearranged at specific stages of cell maturation?

A

Results in unique receptors that potentially may recognise anything

35
Q

What is the functions of MHC-I proteins?

Which cells are they expressed in?

Linked with which T cell?

A
  • Present viral antigens
  • All cells besides RBCs
  • CD8+ T cells
36
Q

What is the functions of MHC-II proteins?

Which cells are they expressed in?

Linked with which T cell?

A
  • Present viral antigens
  • APCs like dendritic cells and macrophages
  • CD4+ T cells

BDS 2: FHHD (34 decks)

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