M6: STDs and UTIs Flashcards
What organism causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
What organism causes gonorrhoea?
Is this organism aerobic or anaerobic?
Catalase positive?
Oxidase positive?
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Aerobic
- Positive
- Positive
What organism causes Granuloma Inguinale?
Donocvania granulomatis
What organism causes Chancroid?
Haemophilius ducreyi
What organism causes Vaginitis?
Gardenerella vaginalis
What organisms can cause Non-specific urethritis (NSU)? (2)
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Mycoplasma urealyticum
What organisms cause genital herpes?
Herpes simplex (type II & I)
What organisms cause genital warts?
Papilloma
What organisms cause Hepatitis?
Hepatitis B
What organisms cause AIDS?
HIV
What organism causes Vaginal Thrush and Balanitis?
Candida albicans
What organism causes Trichomonas vaginitis and urethritis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
What organisms causes Genital scabies? (2)
- Sarcoptes scabei
- Phthirus pubis
Which groups are most at risk of STDs? (3)
- Young heterosexuals
- Male homosexuals
- Minor ethnic groups
Name some underlying causes of STDs in the UK (4)
- More tolerance towards sexual diversity and behaviour
- Inconsistency of use of condoms
- High levels of asymptomatic infections
- Poor acmes to GUM clinics
What is Gonorrhoea?
Purulent infection of the mucous membrane of urethra and cervix
What are some of the clinical presentations of gonorrhoea? (2)
- Purulent discharge
- Dysuria
What complications can arise from gonorrhoea? (4)
- Epididymitis
- Inflammation of fallopian tube
- Purulent conjunctivitis in newborn
- Disseminated gonorrhoea
What can be given to treat gonorrhoea? (3)
- Penicillin
- Tetracycline
- Ceftriaxone
How does T.palladium enter the body?
Enters by penetration of intact mucosa or through abraded skin
What is primary syphilis?
- Bacteria multiply at entry site
- Chancre appears at 3 weeks
- Heals after 6 weeks
What is secondary syphilis?
- Manifestation of a rash on trunk and extremities
- Snail track ulcer on inside cheek
- Occurs 2-12 weeks after chancre heal
What is tertiary syphilis?
- Slow, progressive destructive inflammatory disease that can affect any organ
- 3-30 years later
What is congenital syphilis?
- In-utero transmission of T.pallidum to baby after first 3 months of pregnancy
- Possible death of foetus
- Facial and tooth deformities arising a few years later
What is a non specific test for syphilis?
Cardiolipin antibody test
What is a specific test for syphilis?
Treponemal antigens test
What can be given to treat syphilis? (3)
- Penicillin
- Tetracycline
- Erythromycin
What are elementary body chlamydia?
These live outside body of host and initiate infection.
What are reticulate body chlamydia?
- For intracellular multiplication
- New EB’s produced to invade adjacent cells
How do you treat chlamydia?
Prescribe tetracycline
UTIs are most common in which group?
Women
What are some predisposing factors of UTIs? (7)
- Disruption of urine flow
- Shorter urethra (females compared to men)
- Higher when sexually active
- Being a male infant
- Incomplete bladder emptying
- Reflux of urine
- Diabetes
Which bacteria is heavily linked to UTIs?
E.coli
How do serotypes of E.coli adhere to the urethral and bladder epithelium?
They have particular types of pili that help in adherence
What do capsular polysaccharides (K antigens) have the ability to do? (2)
- Cause Pyelonephritis
- Resist host phagocytosis
What is Pyelonephritis?
Inflammation of kidney due to bacteria
How does the faecal bacteria Proteus mirabilis cause Pyelonephritis?
Causes urease production which causes pyelonephritis
What features of urine help dispose of bacteria in the urethra? (3)
- pH
- Chemical composition
- Flushing action
What are some clinical features of Lower urinary tract infections? (3)
- Dysuria
- Cloudy urine (pus and bacteria)
- Chronic inflammatory changes in bladder, prostate and periurethral glands
