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BDS 2: FHHD > M15: Diagnosis of Infectious Disease > Flashcards

M15: Diagnosis of Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

When does the colonisation by microorganisms on the body begin?

A

Human are usually germ-free in utero and microorganisms colonisation of the body begins at birth

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2
Q

Give some locations of normal microbiota on and in the human body (7)

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Lungs
  • Skin
  • Stomach
  • Gut
  • Vagina/Uretra
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3
Q

“Normal microbiota and the host exist in symbiosis”

Define symbiosis

A

Long-term interaction between two or more different biological species

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4
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A
  • Only cause disease in compromised host

- Sometimes part of Normal Flora

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5
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

The ability of the microbe to cause disease (qualitative)

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6
Q

Define virulence

A

The quantitative ability of a microbe to cause disease

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7
Q

Name the 4 basic microorganisms that can cause infections in humans

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoans (parasites)
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8
Q

What is the role of the capsule in a bacteria?

A

Help to evade the immune response

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9
Q

What is the role of spores in bacteria?

A

Give resistance to physical and chemical agents

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10
Q

Comment on the cell wall of gram positive bacteria and what colour do they stain?

A
  • Thick peptidoglycan with no outer membrane

- Purple

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11
Q

Comment on the cell wall of gram negative bacteria and what colour do they stain?

A
  • Thinner peptidoglycan with outer membrane

- Pink

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12
Q

What are the 3 main shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Cocci (round)
  • Rod
  • Curved
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13
Q

How are cocci arranged?

A

Cocci are spherical chains arranged in a cluster

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14
Q

How do you carry out a gram stain?

A
  1. Put colonies on a slide
  2. Apply crystal violet (purple dye)
  3. Apply iodine
  4. Alcohol wash for decolorisation
  5. Apply safarin (pink dye)
  6. Observe
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15
Q

How do you distinguish between streptococci and staphylococci?

A
  • Catalase test
  • Streptococci are catalase negative
  • Staphylococci are catalase positive

[e in strep e in negative]

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16
Q

What can staphylococci be divide into? (2)

A
  • Coagulase positive

- Coagulase negative

17
Q

What can streptococci be divide into? (3)

A
  • alpha-haemolytic
  • beta-haemolytic
  • Non-haemolytic
18
Q

How are staphylococcal disease caused?

A
  • By invasiveness of agent either local or general

- By enterotoxins

19
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome an example of?

What are the symptoms of these?

A
  • Staphylococcal disease
  • High fever
  • Rash
  • Low blood pressure
  • Malaise
  • Confusion
20
Q

How would you differentiate between alpha, beta and non haemolytic streptococci?

A
  • Put on a blood agar
  • beta would show complete lysis around bacteria on agar
  • α would show partial lysis
  • non would show no lysis at all
21
Q

What is beta-haemolytic streptococci further divided into?

A
  • Groups A to G

- Depending on which Lancefield antigen is detected on surface

22
Q

What are multitest identification systems?

A
  • Strips that combine dozens of organic / inorganic substrates
  • Ability to utilise or breakdown detected by colour changes
23
Q

Give some structural features of mycobacterium (4)

A
  • Aerobic
  • Non-motile
  • Straight or slightly curved rods
  • Distinctive waxy cell wall
24
Q

Give some characteristics of mycobacterium (6)

A
  • Resistance to drying
  • Hydrophobic
  • Resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants
  • Resistance to acids and alkalis
  • Impermeable to standard stains
  • Survives in macrophages
25
Q

Define parasite

A

Any living form which is dependent on other living forms for survival, and causing some damage to the host

26
Q

Protozoa can be classified by their means of locomotion what are these 3 means?

A
  • Pseudopodia
  • Flagella
  • Cilia
27
Q

What are helminths?

A
  • Helminths are multicellular eukaryotic organisms lacking backbones, notochords, or exoskeletons
  • Widespread intestinal parasites
28
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of helminths?

A
  • Trematodes (flat non-segmented)
  • Cestodes (flat segments)
  • Nematodes (round)
29
Q

How may immunological tests help diagnose infections? (3)

A
  • ELISA tests for antigens
  • Look for at least a four-fold rise in antibody titre in acute infection
  • Look for presence of IgM.

BDS 2: FHHD (34 decks)

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