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BDS 2: FHHD > CA3: Pathologies of Tumours > Flashcards

CA3: Pathologies of Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour

A

A swelling not necessarily neoplastic

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2
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

New growth of cells

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3
Q

When might a benign tumour threaten life? (2)

A
  • Site
    (ie tumour in the brain which raises pressure)
  • Function
    (insulinoma produces insulin become hypoglycaemia)
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4
Q

What does histogenesis mean?

A

The cellular origin of a neoplasm

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5
Q

What is a well differentiated neoplasm?

A

Close resemblance to its normal cell of origin

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6
Q

By looking into a microscope how can you tell that the image is a squamous cell neoplasm? (3)

A
  • Disorganised growth
  • Keratin in tumour
  • Intercellular prickles
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7
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Complete lack of differentiation in a neoplasm

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8
Q

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm lipoma?

A

Fat

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9
Q

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm Leiomyoma?

A

Smooth muscle

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10
Q

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm Neurofibroma?

A

Nerve

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11
Q

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm Rhabdomyoma?

A

Striated muscle

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12
Q

What is the cell type of the benign neoplasm Haemangioma?

A

Endothelium

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13
Q

What are the ‘Oma’s’ that are actually malignant tumours (4)

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Myeloma
  • Melanoma
  • Mesothelioma
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14
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial tissue end in?

A

Carcinoma

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15
Q

Malignant neoplasms of connective tissue end in?

A

Sarcoma

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16
Q

Malignant neoplasms of embryonic tissue end in?

A

Blastoma

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17
Q

What is the cell type of the malignant neoplasm Nephroblastoma?

A

Kidney

18
Q

What is the cell type of the malignant neoplasm Neuroblastoma?

A

Neural tissue

19
Q

What is the cell type of the malignant neoplasm Retinoblastoma?

A

Retina

20
Q

Neoplasms derived from germ cells are called?

A

Teratomas

21
Q

Where are germ cells found?

A

Germ cells are found in the ovary and testis

22
Q

Nucleus:Cytoplasm ratio

Benign neoplasm?
Malignant neoplasm?

A
  • Usually normal

- Often high

23
Q

Nuclear pleomorphism

A

-

24
Q

Necrosis

A

-

25
Q

Mitotic rate

A

-

26
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

Secondary growth of a neoplasm at one or more locations distant from the primary site

27
Q

In which neoplasms does metastasis take place?

A

Only occurs with malignant neoplasms

28
Q

What are the 4 ways metastasis can occur?

A

Spread via;

  • Lymphatics
  • Blood vessels
  • Across mesothelial-lined cavities
  • Through cerebrospinal fluid
29
Q

Describe the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis

A
  • Tumour cells have to detach from each other
  • Then get into the blood stream (vascular intravastaion)
  • A tumour embolus must form
  • This then travels to a distant site and leaves the blood stream
  • Regrowth of metastatic clone now occurs
30
Q

Metastasis patterns in carcinomas?
Early?
Late?

A
  • Early via lymphatics

- Late via bloodstream

31
Q

Where do carcinomas metastasise? (2)

A
  • Via lymphatics (early)

- Via bloodstream (late)

32
Q

Where do sarcomas metastasise?

A

Via bloodstream

33
Q

What are the 5 main sites for bony metastasis?

A
  • Prostate
  • Lung
  • Thyroid
  • Kidney
  • Breasts
34
Q

Why is anaemia common after a neoplasm? (4)

A
  • Haemorrhage can occur from the neoplasm
  • Decreased life span of erythrocytes
  • Replacement of bone marrow by metastatic tumour
  • Autoantibodies can be produced which work against red cells
35
Q

Why is cancer cachexia common after a neoplasm?

A

Theorised that the tumour and reactive host cells secrete cytokines which lead to this

36
Q

Describe the macroscopic appearance of a benign neoplasm

A
  • Well-defined outline

- Smooth-surface

37
Q

Describe the macroscopic appearance of a malignant neoplasm

A
  • Irregular outline

- Craggy surface

38
Q

Describe the microscopic margin of a malignant neoplasm

A
  • Infiltrative

- Invasive

39
Q

Describe the microscopic margin of a benign neoplasm

A
  • Blunt

- Pushing (outwards)

40
Q

What is cancer cachexia?

A

Cancer cachexia is a wasting syndrome characterized by weight loss, anorexia, asthenia and anemia

BDS 2: FHHD (34 decks)

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