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BDS 2: FHHD > CA1: Non-neoplastic Disturbances of Growth > Flashcards

CA1: Non-neoplastic Disturbances of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Define atrophy

A

A wasting or decrease in size of a body organ, tissue, or part owing to disease, injury, or lack of use

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2
Q

Give an example of physiological atrophy (2)

A
  • Thyroglossal cyst

- Muscular atrophy after stopping weight training

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3
Q

Give some examples of pathological atrophy (5)

A
  • Cardiac
  • Malnutrition
  • Hair follicles
  • Ageing in general
  • Alzheimer’s Disease
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4
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number but not in cell size

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5
Q

Where does hyperplasia occur?

A

Hyperplasia occurs in organs which have proliferative capacity and stem cells

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6
Q

Give an example of physiological hyperplasia

A

Endometrium

The lining of the uterus, endometrium, becomes unusually thick because of hyperplasia

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7
Q

Give an example of pathological hyperplasia (2)

A
  • Lymph node reaction to viral infection

- Prostate increases with age

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8
Q

What are some complications of hyperplasia? (3)

A
  • Obstruction
  • Infarction
  • Sometimes over-secretion of hormone
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9
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in size of organ due to increase in cell size

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10
Q

Give an example of pathological hypertrophy

A

Cardiomyopathy

Heart gets bigger

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11
Q

What are some complications of hypertrophy?

A

Obstruction and infarction

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12
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change from, one fully mature tissue type to another fully mature tissue type

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13
Q

Give an example of a condition where you go from Squamous to glandular

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

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14
Q

Give an example of a condition where you go from Glandular to Squamous

A

The bronchi

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15
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Dysplasia is a broad term that refers to the abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs

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16
Q

During dysplasia cells become atypical, what are some of these atypical features? (3)

A
  • Pleomorphic (different shapes)
  • Increased mitosis
  • Disorganised
17
Q

If a condition ends in adenoma what does this mean?

A

Benign glandular tumour

18
Q

If a condition ends in adenocarcinoma what does this mean?

A

Malignant glandular tumour

19
Q

Where do tumours generally arise?

A

Generally areas of high proliferation

the epithelia

20
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of a cancer using smoking as an example

A
  1. Smoker
  2. Irritation of bronchi
  3. Metaplasia to Squamous epithelium
  4. Continued smoking
  5. DNA changes in cells
  6. Dysplasia
  7. Further DNA changes
  8. Invasive Cance
21
Q

Genes in their normal state are called?

A

Proto-oncogenes

22
Q

Genes in their abnormal state are called?

A

Oncogene

23
Q

What is RAS?

A
  • A GTPase protein

- Mutated in 1 in 4 cancers

24
Q

What is a tumour suppressor gene

A

This is a gene which by switching off, by mutation or another mechanism, makes cancer more likely

25
Q

Give an example of a tumour suppressor gene

How does this gene suppress a tumour?

A
  • P53

- Which makes cells apoptose if damaged

26
Q

What are some environmental carcinogens? (3)

A
  • Chemical
  • Radiation
  • Viruses
27
Q

Give some pure genetic examples of cancer (2)

VHL
MEN

A
  • Von-Hippel Lindau

- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

28
Q

Give some examples of chemical carcinogens (5)

A
  • Benzenes
  • Naphthalene dyes
  • Cigarette smoke
  • Asbestos
  • Dietary carcinogens
29
Q

Name a cancer caused by asbestos

A

Lung cancer

30
Q

How can people be exposed to radiation to get cancer? (2)

A
  • Nuclear accidents

- UV radiation

31
Q

What does HPV cause?

A

Cervical cancer

32
Q

How does HPV cause cancer?

A
  • Introduces DNA into cells which interferes with gene function
  • Inactivates p53
33
Q

What can long term Hepatitis B lead to?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

BDS 2: FHHD (34 decks)

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