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Neuroscience 2.0 > Somatotropic organization & Nociceptors & Pain Physio > Flashcards

Somatotropic organization & Nociceptors & Pain Physio Flashcards

1
Q

In which area of the brain do third order neurons of the sensory pathway project to?

A

The Parietal cortex

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2
Q

Where specifically does the third order neurons of the sensory pathway project to?

A
  1. Somatic Sensory area I (SI) at the post central gyrus
  2. Somatic Sensory area II (SII) of the anterior parietal lobe
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3
Q

Fill in the blanks. “The various thalamic nuclei receiving somatosensory information project to : ________, _______ & ________.”

A
  • Primary sensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus
  • Secondary somatosensory cortex
  • Posterior parietal cortex
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4
Q

How is the primary somatosensory cortex organised ?

A

Somatotopically

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5
Q

In which layer of the cerebral cortex does Afferents end in?

A

Layer IV (4)

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6
Q

Which layers of the Cerebral cortex generates descending pathways?

A

Layers V and VI (5&6)

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7
Q

Which layer of the cerebral cortex send axons to related portions of the cerebral cortex on the opposite side of the brain through the corpus callosum?

A

Layers II & III

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8
Q

Which layer of the cerebral cortex receive diffuse, nonspecific input signals from lower brain centers?

A

Layers I & II

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9
Q

Where are the columns of proprioception located?

A

Near the central sulcus

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10
Q

Which layer of the cerebral cortex have corticothalamic neurons?

A

Layer VI

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11
Q

True or False? The Outer band of Baillarger is located in Layer V of the cerebral cortex.

A

FALSE!! It is located in Layer IV( 4)

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12
Q

Where is the Line of Gennari located?

A

In Layer IV(4) in area 17

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13
Q

Local inhibitory neurons are normally found in which layer of the Cerebral cortex?

A

Layer I ( Molecular layer)

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14
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The External Granular Layer (Layer II) is associated with __________ neurons while the External Pyramidal layer ( Layer III) is associated with ______ neurons.”

A

External Granular Layer - Association neurons

External Pyramidal Layer - Commissural neurons

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15
Q

Fill in the blanks . “ The line of Kaes-Bechterew is located in ___________.”

A

External Pyramidal layer ( Layer III)

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16
Q

True or False? The Inner band of Baillarger
is located in the Internal Pyramidal layer.

A

TRUE!!

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17
Q

Which layer of the cerebral cortex receives Thalamocrotical projections?

A

Internal Granular Layer ( Layer IV)

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18
Q

What is the function of the Somatosensory Association cortex?

A

Synthesizes multiple sensory inputs to create a complete comprehension of the object being felt.

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19
Q

Where is the Primary visual cortex located?

A

Found in Posterior and Medial Occipital lobe

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20
Q

Where is the Dorsal stream of the Primary visual cortex ?

A

Parietal cortex ( where : rods, periphery of retina, area 7)

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21
Q

Where is the Ventral stream of the Primary Visual cortex located?

A

Temporal cortex

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22
Q

Where is the Primary auditory cortex located?

A

The superior margin of the temporal lobe, next to the lateral sulcus.

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23
Q

What Is the function of the Auditory association area?

A

The auditory association area which lets us interpret and remember sounds

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24
Q

What is Asterognosia?

A

The loss of ability to recognize objects by touch in absence of of defects in somatosensation.

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25
Q

What is Asomatognosia?

A

This is a loss of the ability to recognize parts of one’s own body

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26
Q

What type of cells are located in the Primary Motor cortex?

A

Pyramidal cells

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27
Q

Where is the Primary Motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus of each cerebral hemisphere

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28
Q

What are the Afferents for the Primary Motor cortex?

A

Thalamus

29
Q

What are the Efferents for the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

Basal ganglia, thalamus, Reticular Formation, Superior colliculus, pontine, spinal cord

30
Q

What happens if the Primary Motor cortex becomes damaged?

A

Damage produces paralysis of contralateral muscles (namely upper limb, tongue, facial muscles)

31
Q

Where is the Primary Motor cortex located?

A

In the Precentral Gyrus ( Broadman area 4)

32
Q

What is the function of the Secondary ( Premotor Area) ?

A
  • Involved in learned or patterned skills.
  • Involved in planning movements- influences paravertebral and proximal limb musculature
33
Q

Which language area is responsible for language comprehension and complex word analysis?

A

Language prefrontal cortex

34
Q

Which language area is associated with understanding oral/written words?

A

Wernicke’s area

35
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Speech production

36
Q

Fill in the blanks.” ____________ integrates visual and auditory stimulate”

A

Lateral and ventral temporal cortex

37
Q

Fill in the blanks. “Information is projected to Wernicke’s area through _____________.”

A

Arcuate fasciculus

38
Q

What are the different manifestations of pain?

A

Hyperalgesia
Paresthesia
Allodynia
Hyperpathia

39
Q

What is Pain?

A

Pain is the perception of an aversive or unpleasant sensation that originates from a specific region of the body

40
Q

What is the term given to the pain from a stimulus that would not normally cause pain ?

A

Allodynia

41
Q

What is the term given to unpleasant or painful feelings e.g. pins and needles with no apparent stimulus?

A

Paresthesia

42
Q

What is Hyperalgesia?

A

This is severe pain from a stimulus that would normally cause only slight discomfort

43
Q

What is Hyperpathia ?

A

Exaggerated and prolonged reactions to painful stimuli.

44
Q

What are factors that can modify pain?

A
  • past experiences
  • suggestion
  • emotion – particularly by anxiety
  • simultanneous activation of other sensorymodalities
  • different state of attention
45
Q

How can pain protect the body?

A
  • Remove body from danger
  • Promote healing by preventing further damage
  • Avoid noxious stimuli
46
Q

Why does one feel pain?

A
  • Gives conscious awareness of tissue damage
  • Protection:
  • Remove body from danger
  • Promote healing by preventing further damage
  • Avoid noxious stimuli
  • Elicits behavioural and emotional responses
47
Q

What systems are activated by pain?

A
  • Sympathetic neuronal system
  • Parasympathetic neuronal system
  • Respiratory & Cardiovascular system
  • Motor system
  • Endocrine system
48
Q

What are the different classifications of pain?

A
  • By perception: Fast/sharp pain and slow/dull pain.
  • Somatic and visceral pain
  • Superficial and deep pain
  • Physiological sharp pain and pathological pain (inflammatory, neuropathic pain).
49
Q

Where are pain receptors normally located?

A
  • In the skin
  • Periosteum
  • Arterial walls
  • The joint surfaces
  • Falx and tentorium in cranial vault
50
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ A delta fibres only project to laminae _____ &______.”

A

I & V

51
Q

Fill in the blanks. “C fibres project to laminae __________. “

A

I , II & V

52
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Harmful stimuli activate peripheral endings of primary sensory neurons whose cell bodies are located in the _____________”

A

Dorsal root ganglia and Trigeminal ganglia

53
Q

Which nociceptor is associated with a burning sensation associated with spicy food?

A

Capsaicin (from chili peppers) receptor

54
Q

What do Polymodal nociceptiors travel via?

A

Non- myelinated C fibres

55
Q

Which nociceptor has ASIC like channels or mediation via ATP?

A

Mechanical nociceptors

56
Q

What are the stimulants for Polymodal nociceptors?

A

Noxious mechanical stimuli, noxious heat / cold, irritant chemicals.

57
Q

What type of pain is associated with Polymodal nociceptors ?

A

Slow burning pain or aching pain

58
Q

What are the names given to the receptors that are members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ligand-gated ion channels that detect a variety of painful stimuli ?

A
  • Vanilloid receptor-1 (VR-1/TRPV1)
  • Vanilloid like receptor-1 (VRL-1/TRPV2)
59
Q

What are the TRP receptors stimulated by?

A
  • Noxious heat (≥ 45oC)
  • Capsaicin (ingredient in chili peppers
60
Q

What are substances that have a direct influence on the free - nerve endings?

A

Potassium
Histamine
Bradykinin
Serotonin

61
Q

What substance is released from activated free- nerve endings?

A

P- substance

62
Q

Which substances causes a sensitisation of nociceptors?

A

Prostagoandins especially PgE2, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2)

63
Q

Which substances evoke inflammation ?

A
  • Histamine
  • Bradykinin
  • Serotonin
64
Q

Where does Central sensitisation occur?

A

In the dorsal horn

65
Q

What is the enzyme involved in the synthesis of Serotonin?

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase

66
Q

What is the enzyme involved in the synthesis of Bradykinin?

A

Kallikrein

67
Q

What is the source of Serotonin?

A

Platelets

68
Q

What is the source for Prostaglandins and Leukotrines?

A

Arachadonic acid and damaged cells

69
Q
A

Neuroscience 2.0 (29 decks)

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