Leaning & Memory Physio

Question 1

Which memory is Declarative or recognition memory?

Answer 1

Explicit memory

Question 2

Which memory is Non- Declarative or reflexive?

Answer 2

Implicit memory

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE? Implicit memory involves awareness.

Answer 3

FALSE!! It DOES NOT involve awareness

Question 4

What is Priming?

Answer 4

Priming is a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus.

Ex. improved recall of a word when the first few letters are presented.

Question 5

What are the different components of Implicit Learning?

Answer 5

• Priming ( Neocortex)
• Procedural Skills and Habits ( Striatum )
• Associative Learning ( Classical & Operant learning)
• Non - associative learning ( Habituation and Sensitisation ) Organism learns about a single stimulus .

Question 6

What are the 4 processes involved in Explicit learning?

Answer 6

1. Encoding
2. Consolidation
3. Storage
4. Retrieval

Question 7

What is Encoding ?

Answer 7

The processes by which newly learned information is attended to and processed when first encountered.

Question 8

Which process of Explicit Information involves the processes that alter the newly stored and still labile information so as to make it more stable for long-term storage?

Answer 8

Consolidation

Question 9

What are the features of the Storage process in Explicit memory?

Answer 9

• The mechanism and sites by which memory is retained over time.
• It seems to have an almost unlimited capacity.

Question 10

Which process of Explicit memory is critically dependent on short-term working memory?

Answer 10

Retrieval

Question 11

Which process of Explicit memory involves bringing different kinds of information together that are stored separately in different storage sites &
Is constructive process and therefore subject to distortion?

Answer 11

Retrieval

Question 12

What is the duration of Short term memory?

Answer 12

Seconds to minutes

Question 13

What is the duration of Intermediate memory?

Answer 13

Several minutes to weeks

Question 14

What is the duration of Long term memory?

Answer 14

Years, lifetimes

Question 15

What is another name for Long term memory?

Answer 15

Declarative or Reflexive / Procedural

Question 16

What is another name for Shirt term memory ?

Answer 16

Working memory

Question 17

TRUE or FALSE? Long term memory is NOT affected by Retrograde Amnesia.

Answer 17

TRUE!! It is affected by Anteretrograde amnesia

Question 18

What is Synaptic plasticity?

Answer 18

The basis of formation of memory.

Question 19

What is described as the important phenomenon required for development of memory?

Answer 19

Rehearsal

Question 20

What parts of the brain are stimulated by Working memory?

Answer 20

• Prefrontal cortex (central executive)
• ‘Rehearsal system’ between related components (verbal ↔ visuospatial)
• Parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus

Question 21

Fill in the blanks. “Density of receptors on their postsynaptic membranes (NMDA receptor & AMPA receptor)s are added to the membrane by __________ and removed by ______________ as a mechanism for changing their own excitability in response to stimuli.”

Answer 21

Added by Exocytosis
Removed by Endocytosis

Question 22

What are the two major ligand gated ion channels receptors for Glutamate?

Answer 22

1) AMPA (ά-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyllisoxazole-4 propionate)

2) NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)

Question 23

What are the AMPA channels responsible for?

Answer 23

Initial Depolarization

Question 24

Fill in the blanks. “ The _____________ phosphorylates the AMPA receptor P, increasing its conductance, and probably moves more AMPA receptors into the synaptic cell membrane.”

Answer 24

Kinase

Question 25

Once long term memory is formed , where is it stored?

Answer 25

In the neocortex

Question 26

Fill in the blanks. “ Damage to the hippocampus causes _________.”

Answer 26

Anterograde amnesia.

Question 27

What are the two types of Long- Term potentiation ( LTP) in the hippocampus ?

Answer 27

Schaffer collateral LTP
Mossy fibre LTP

Question 28

True or False? The Mossy fibre LTP is NMDA dependent.

Answer 28

FALSE!! The Mossy fibre LTP is NMDA INDEPENDENT . The Schaffer collateral is NMDA DEPENDENT.

Question 29

Fill in the blank.” Long term depression is caused by _____________.”

Answer 29

A slower stimulation of presynaptic neurons

Question 30

What is Anterograde amnesia?

Answer 30

Failure to establish new memories.

Question 31

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

Answer 31

Failure to retrieve stored memories caused by a variety of reasons (e.g., head trauma, drug use,electroconvulsive therapy)

Question 32

What are the clinical characteristics of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 32

• Vitamin B1 deficiency in chronic alcoholics
• Loss of brain tissue bilaterally in mammillary bodies and medial thalamus

Question 33

In Alzheimer’s disease
, atrophy of which areas of the brain is normally present?

Answer 33

The hippocampus and Entorhinal cortex

Question 34

What are the Cytopathological hallmarks
of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 34

• Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular)
• Senile plaques composed of β-amyloid(extracellular)
• Diffuse loss of neurones
• Incapacitation and death