Leaning & Memory Physio Flashcards
Which memory is Declarative or recognition memory?
Explicit memory
Which memory is Non- Declarative or reflexive?
Implicit memory
TRUE OR FALSE? Implicit memory involves awareness.
FALSE!! It DOES NOT involve awareness
What is Priming?
Priming is a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus.
Ex. improved recall of a word when the first few letters are presented.
What are the different components of Implicit Learning?
- Priming ( Neocortex)
- Procedural Skills and Habits ( Striatum )
- Associative Learning ( Classical & Operant learning)
- Non - associative learning ( Habituation and Sensitisation ) Organism learns about a single stimulus .
What are the 4 processes involved in Explicit learning?
- Encoding
- Consolidation
- Storage
- Retrieval
What is Encoding ?
The processes by which newly learned information is attended to and processed when first encountered.
Which process of Explicit Information involves the processes that alter the newly stored and still labile information so as to make it more stable for long-term storage?
Consolidation
What are the features of the Storage process in Explicit memory?
- The mechanism and sites by which memory is retained over time.
- It seems to have an almost unlimited capacity.
Which process of Explicit memory is critically dependent on short-term working memory?
Retrieval
Which process of Explicit memory involves bringing different kinds of information together that are stored separately in different storage sites &
Is constructive process and therefore subject to distortion?
Retrieval
What is the duration of Short term memory?
Seconds to minutes
What is the duration of Intermediate memory?
Several minutes to weeks
What is the duration of Long term memory?
Years, lifetimes
What is another name for Long term memory?
Declarative or Reflexive / Procedural
What is another name for Shirt term memory ?
Working memory
TRUE or FALSE? Long term memory is NOT affected by Retrograde Amnesia.
TRUE!! It is affected by Anteretrograde amnesia
What is Synaptic plasticity?
The basis of formation of memory.
What is described as the important phenomenon required for development of memory?
Rehearsal
What parts of the brain are stimulated by Working memory?
- Prefrontal cortex (central executive)
- ‘Rehearsal system’ between related components (verbal ↔ visuospatial)
- Parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus
Fill in the blanks. “Density of receptors on their postsynaptic membranes (NMDA receptor & AMPA receptor)s are added to the membrane by __________ and removed by ______________ as a mechanism for changing their own excitability in response to stimuli.”
Added by Exocytosis
Removed by Endocytosis
What are the two major ligand gated ion channels receptors for Glutamate?
1) AMPA (ά-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyllisoxazole-4 propionate)
2) NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)
What are the AMPA channels responsible for?
Initial Depolarization
Fill in the blanks. “ The _____________ phosphorylates the AMPA receptor P, increasing its conductance, and probably moves more AMPA receptors into the synaptic cell membrane.”
Kinase
Once long term memory is formed , where is it stored?
In the neocortex
Fill in the blanks. “ Damage to the hippocampus causes _________.”
Anterograde amnesia.
What are the two types of Long- Term potentiation ( LTP) in the hippocampus ?
Schaffer collateral LTP
Mossy fibre LTP
True or False? The Mossy fibre LTP is NMDA dependent.
FALSE!! The Mossy fibre LTP is NMDA INDEPENDENT . The Schaffer collateral is NMDA DEPENDENT.
Fill in the blank.” Long term depression is caused by _____________.”
A slower stimulation of presynaptic neurons
What is Anterograde amnesia?
Failure to establish new memories.
What is Retrograde Amnesia?
Failure to retrieve stored memories caused by a variety of reasons (e.g., head trauma, drug use,electroconvulsive therapy)
What are the clinical characteristics of Korsakoff’s syndrome?
- Vitamin B1 deficiency in chronic alcoholics
- Loss of brain tissue bilaterally in mammillary bodies and medial thalamus
In Alzheimer’s disease
, atrophy of which areas of the brain is normally present?
The hippocampus and Entorhinal cortex
What are the Cytopathological hallmarks
of Alzheimer’s disease?
- Neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular)
- Senile plaques composed of β-amyloid(extracellular)
- Diffuse loss of neurones
- Incapacitation and death
