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Neuroscience 2.0 > Limbic system & Reticular system - Sleep & Arousal > Flashcards

Limbic system & Reticular system - Sleep & Arousal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three different elements that make up Emotion?

A
  • Cognitive (thinking) component: an appraisal or judgment
    *Feeling (subjective) component: what a person experiences privately
    action (or, action tendency) .
  • Component: either an action or, at least, a tendency to an action
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1
Q

What is the Primary Centre of Emotion?

A

The limbic system in association with the Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What are the types of emotions perceived?

A
  • Rage and fighting
  • Placidity and Tameness
  • Reward / Satisfaction/ Pleasant reaction
  • Punishment/ Aversion / Unpleasant reaction.
  • Sexual Drive – Mating and maternal behaviour.
  • Fear
  • Anxiety
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3
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

Amygdaloid body
Hippocampus (“seahorse”)
limbic lobe
Cingulate gyus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hypothalamus
Mamillary bodies
Anterior nucleus of thalamus

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4
Q

Which part of the limbic system provides an emotional component to the learning system?

A

Amygdala

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5
Q

In which lobe of the brain is the Amygdala located?

A

Temporal lobe

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6
Q

Which region of the Amygdala is related to the Olfactory cortex?

A

Corticomedial group

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7
Q

What is the function of the Basolateral group of the Amygdala?

A

Provides direct input to basal ganglia and motor system.

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8
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The medial and central nuclei of the Amygdala is connected to the ________.”

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Anxiety increases blood flow to __________.”

A

To the anterior end of the Temporal lobe

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10
Q

Where is the most dominant pleasure area?

A

Dopaminergic pathway from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens.

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11
Q

Which drug reduces re-uptake of dopamine & serotonin?

A

Cocaine

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12
Q

What substance increase the release of Dopamine?

A

Amphetamine
Nicotine
Alcohol

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13
Q

Which nucleus regulates the release of Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens and Enkaphalins in Hypothalamus?

A

Midline Raphe Nuclei

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14
Q

Which nuclei is a source of 5- HT ( Serotonin )?

A

Midline Raphe Nuclei

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15
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Stimulation of the ___________ amygdala increases food intake.”

A

Corticomedial amygdala

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16
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Stimulation of the __________ amygdala reduces feeding behavior. “

A

Basolateral amygdala

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17
Q

Stimulation of which nuclear group of the Amygdala results in powerful rage or fear?

A

Basolateral group

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18
Q

What is the pathology associated with bilateral destruction of the Amygdala?

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Kluver- Bucy syndrome?

A
  • Hyper-orality (indiscriminate eating or chewing of food and other objects)
  • Hyper-sexuality (lack of sexual inhibition)
  • Psychic blindness/visual agnosia (lack of object recognition).
  • Personality changes (abnormal passivity, fearless)
  • Decreased emotionality.
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20
Q

What is the Input to the Hippocampus?

A

Entorhinal cortex & Contralateral hippocampus

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21
Q

What are the outputs of the Hippocampus?

A
  • To mammillary bodies via fornix
  • Contralateral hippocampus
  • Also output to amygdala
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22
Q

Damage to which brain region will result in the reduced level of tension & anger ?

A

Cingulate cortex

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23
Q

Damage to which brain region will result in impaired ability to identify angry expressions (but not happy expressions) ?

A

Medial Frontal cortex

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24
Q

What is the Ascending Reticular pathway responsible for?

A

Responsible for arousal of cortex

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25
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The descending reticular pathway us responsible for ___________.”

A

Body balance

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26
Q

Through what does the Ascending reticular system receive collateral input from?

A

I) Long somatic pathway
II) Trigeminal , Olfactory , Auditory and Visual pathway
III) Visceral pathway

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27
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Deactivation of the Reticular activating system produces _________.”

28
Q

True or False? Tumors or destruction of RAS produces coma or unconsciousness.

29
Q

What forms the Descending reticular system?

A

The reticulospinal tract

30
Q

What are the Inhibitory functions of the Descending Reticular System?

A
  • Smoothness and accuracy of voluntary movements
  • Reflex movements
  • Regulates muscle tone
  • Maintenance of posture
  • Control vegetative functions
31
Q

What are the Facilitatory functions of the Descending reticular system?

A
  • Maintain musle tone
  • Activates ARSA
  • Facilitates Autonomic functions
  • Important in sleep or wakefulness
32
Q

Which areas of the brain are Arousal centres?

A
  • Substantia nigra
  • Posterior part of hypothalamus
  • Pontine reticular formation
  • The locus ceruleus
32
Q

Which areas of the brain lead to sleep?

A

The raphe nuclei and Pre-optic area

32
Q

What is the term given to the electrical response of the brain to a sensory stimulus?

A

The Evoked potential

32
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ When recording an EEG, The direction and strength of dipole depends on ___________.”

A

The summation of EPSP and IPSP

32
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ When recording an EEG , The The frequency of generation of cortical dipoles depends on ___________.”

A

Cortical neuronal activity

33
Q

What does the EEG measure?

A

The EEG measures the summation of graded Post Synaptic Potentials ( PSP’s)

34
Q

Where is the Exploring electrode placed ?

A

It is placed on the Primary Receiving area and related sense pathway is stimulated

35
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ In an EEG, The first surface positive -negative wave is called the___________.”

A

Primary Evoked potential

36
Q

Fill in the blanks . “ In an EEG , The later non- specific response is called the ___________.”

A

Diffuse Secondary response

37
Q

What is the normal number of electrodes to be used in a n EEG?

A

Use 21 electrodes but more can be added.

38
Q

How are electrodes spaced during an EEG?

A

Electrodes are spaced at 10% or 20% of distances between specified anatomic landmarks

39
Q

True or False? In an EEG , Odd number electrodes over right and even number over left hemisphere.

A

FALSE!! Odd are on the LEFT
Even are on the RIGHT

40
Q

What is the frequency of Beta waves for the EEG?

41
Q

What is the Amplitude for Beta Waves?

A

2-20 µV (small amplitude)

42
Q

What is the frequency of Alpha waves?

43
Q

What is the amplitude of Alpha waves ?

44
Q

Which EEG waves are Characterized by very irregular and slow wave patterns ?

A

Delta waves

45
Q

Which EEG waves are found present in periods of deep sleep in people?

A

Delta waves

46
Q

What is the frequency of Theta waves ?

47
Q

What is the amplitude of Theta waves ?

48
Q

What is the frequency of Delta waves?

A

.5- 3.5 Hz

49
Q

What is the amplitude of Delta waves?

50
Q

Which EEG waves are believed to be more common in children than adults?

A

Theta waves

51
Q

Which EEG waves responds to Relaxed wakefulness?

A

Alpha waves

52
Q

Which EEG waves occur with sudden sensory stimuli?

A

Gamma waves ( 36-44 Hz)

53
Q

Which type of sleep accounts for 20-25% of total sleep time?

54
Q

What type of sleep is associated with Viscera - Motor activity?

A

NREM sleep

55
Q

What are the stages of the NREM sleep?

A

Drowsiness ( Stage I)
Light sleep ( Stage II)
Moderate sleep ( Stage III)
Deep sleep ( Stage IV )

56
Q

What is the neurotransmitter associated with Rem sleep ?

A

Noradrenaline

57
Q

What is the neurotransmitter associated with Non- Rem sleep?

58
Q

What are the sleep zones in the brain?

A
  • Diencephalic sleep zone ( In posterior hypothalamus)
  • Medullary synchronizing zone ( In reticular formation of medulla)
  • Basal forebrain sleep zone ( Preoptic area and diagonal band of Broca)
59
Q

True or False? During slow wave sleep there is marked reduction in cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic activity of brainstem.

60
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of Slow wave sleep?

A
  • GABA
  • Galanin (peptide)
  • Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VPLO neurons of hypothalamus particularly active during sleep, and project inhibitory neurotransmitter )
  • 5HT (from raphe nuclei acting to reduce sensory output to inhibit motor activity )
  • Alpha-melanocyte secreting hormone
61
Q

True or False? In REM sleep there is increase in activity of amygdala and visual association area but decrease in activity of prefrontal and parietal cortex.

62
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Pontine cholinergic neurons sends impulses to occipital cortex via __________.”

A

The Lateral Geniculate body

63
Q

Sleep walking is common among what ages?

A

5 & 12 years

Neuroscience 2.0 (29 decks)

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