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Neuroscience 2.0 > Descending Tracts , Cerebrum > Flashcards

Descending Tracts , Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

Which descending tract is associated with pathways concerned with voluntary, discrete, skilled movements (especially those of distal parts of limbs)?

A

Corticospinal Tract

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2
Q

What is the function of the Reticulospinal tract?

A

It facilitates or inhibits the activity of the alpha and gamma motor neurons in the anterior gray column which can facilitate or inhibit voluntary movements or reflex movements.

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3
Q

Which tract is concerned with the reflex postural movement in response to a visual stimuli?

A

Tectospinal tract

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4
Q

Which tract is associated with facilitating or inhibiting alpha and gamma motor neurons in the anterior gray column which can facilitate activity of flexor muscle or inhibit activate of extensor or antigravity muscles?

A

Rubrospinal tract

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5
Q

What is the function of the Olivospinal tract?

A

Plays a role in muscular activity

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6
Q

Which descending tract facilitates activity of extensor muscles by acting on motor
neurons in anterior gray columns, inhibits activity of flexor muscles and is
concerned with postural activity associated with balance?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

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7
Q

Which layer of the Cerebral cortex is known as the molecular layer, covered by Pia mater, contains glial cells and horizontal cells of Cajal in the its peripheral portion?

A

Layer 1

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8
Q

What is Layer 3 of the cerebral cortex known as and what type of cells are located in this region?

A

It is also known as the External Pyramidal Layer and contains medium sized pyramidal cells.

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9
Q

Which layer is known as the External Granular Layer and contains glial cells and small pyramidal cells with apical dendrites facing towards the periphery of the cortex?

A

Layer 2

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10
Q

What type of cells are found in Layer V?

A

Glial cells & Large pyramidal cells ( Betz cells in the motor area.

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11
Q

What is the other name given to Layer V?

A

Internal Pyramidal Layer

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12
Q

Which layer of the cerebral cortex is also known as the Internal Granular Layer and contains mainly small granules cells, glia and some pyramidal cells?

A

Layer IV

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13
Q

Which layer of the cerebral cortex is known as the Multiform layer?

A

Layer VI

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14
Q

What are the different characteristics of Layer VI of the cerebral cortex?

A

Deepest layer. Adjacent to the white matter. Contains intermixed cells of varying sizes and shapes (granule cells, fusiform cells…). Bundles of axons leave the white matter.

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15
Q

Which Broadman area has Giant cells of Betz found in this area?

A

Primary Motor Cortex ( Area 4) occupies Precentral Gyrus

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16
Q

True or False? The Premotor Area and Secondary Motor cortex contains no Giant cells of Betz?

A

TRUE!!

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17
Q

The Primary Motor cortex is located where?

A

The Precentral Gyrus - ( Broadman Area 4)

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18
Q

Where is the Premotor Cortex (Secondary Area) located?

A

Occupies anterior part of precentral gyrus and posterior part of superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri

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19
Q

Where does the Primary Motor Cortex( Area 4) receives afferents from?

A

Sensory Cortex
Premotor cortex( Area 6)
Thalamus
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum

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20
Q

Where does the Premotor Area( Secondary motor cortex - Area 6) receives afferents from?

A

Sensory cortex
Thalamus
Basal ganglia

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21
Q

Which gyrus & Broadman area is known as the Primary Somesthetic Area?

A

Post Central Gyrus ( Areas 3,1&2)

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22
Q

Where do descending fibres converge and pass through?

A

They converge in the corona radiata and pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule

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23
Q

What are the divisions of the internal Capsule?

A

Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb

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24
Q

True or False? Fibers closest to the genu concerned with cervical portions of the body (i.e., head and neck)
* Fibers situated more posteriorly concerned with upper, then lower extremity

A

TRUE!!

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25
Q

Alpha motor neurons innervate?

A

Extrafusal Muscle fibres

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26
Q

Gamma motor neurons innervate?

A

Intrafusal Muscle fibres

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27
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

They carry information from Intrafusal muscle fibres to CNS

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28
Q

Where are Intrafusal Muscle fibres found?

A

Muscle spindles

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29
Q

In which lamina are somatic motor neurons localized in?

A

In lamina IX ( 9)

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30
Q

Which type of Muscle fibres have a LOW oxidative capacity?

A

Type IIB

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31
Q

Which type of Muscle fibres have a LOW glycolytic capacity?

A

Type I fibres

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32
Q

True or False? Type I has the largest motor neuron of all three muscle fibres.

A

FALSE!! Type IIB has the largest motor neuron, Type I has the smallest ,

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33
Q

What is the main storage fuel for Type I muscle fibres?

A

Triglycerides

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34
Q

What is the main storage fuel for Type IIa muscle fibres?

A

Creatine Phosphate and Glycogen

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35
Q

What are the main storage fuel for Type II b muscle fibres?

A

ATP and Creatine phosphate

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36
Q

True or False? Type IIa and IIb fibres are rich in myoglobin while Type I fibres are low in myoglobin.

A

FALSE!! Type I and IIa are RICH in Myoglobin while Type IIb is Low in Myoglobin

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37
Q

What colours are the different types of muscle fibres?

A

Type I - Red ( Rich )
Type IIa - Red ( Rich)
Type IIb - White ( Low)

Red = rich in myoglobin
White = low in myoglobin

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38
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Type I muscle fibres are used for ____________ activity while Type IIa and IIB fibres are used for ___________ activity.”

A

Type I - Aerobic activity
Type II a & II b - Short term anaerobic

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39
Q

Which muscle type fibres have a very LOW mitochondrial density ?

A

Type IIB fibres

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40
Q

Which muscle type fibres have an Intermediate capillary density?

A

Type IIA fibres

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41
Q

Which muscle type fibres produces a very high power production and are very fast contraction time ?

A

Type IIB fibres

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42
Q

Which muscle fibres have a Low capillary density ?

A

Type II B fibres

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43
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Type I muscle fibres have a ______________ resistance to fatigue while Type IIB muscle fibres have a ____________ resistance to fatigue.”

A

Type I - High resistance to fatigue

Type IIB - Low resistance to fatigue

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44
Q

What type of activity involves Type I muscle fibres?

A

Postural muscles
Long distance running

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45
Q

What type of activity involves Type IIa muscle fibres?

A

Middle distance running and swimming

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46
Q

What type of activity involves Type IIb muscle fibres?

A

Sprinting

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47
Q

Which descending tract is dedicated to innervation of motor nuclei of cranial nerves?

A

Corticonuclear or corticobulbar tract

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48
Q

Which descending tract provides a pathway by which hypothalamus can control sympathetic outflow and sacral parasympathetic outflow?

A

Reticulospinal tract

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49
Q

Where is the Red nucleus situated ?

A

In the Tegmentum of the midbrain at level of superior colliculus

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50
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The red nucleus receives Afferent impulses through connections with __________ & __________.”

A

Cerebral cortex and Cerebellum

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51
Q

Where are higher centers of CNS associated with control of autonomic activity situated?

A

Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Amygdaloid complex
Reticular formation

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52
Q

Fill in the blanks .” In relation to the descending autonomic fibres, Fibers arise from higher centers and cross midline in the _________.”

A

Brainstem

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53
Q

Where do fibres of the Rubrospinal tract cross the midline?

A

At the level of the red nucleus

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54
Q

Where do fibres from the Tectospinal tract arise from?

A

Superior colliculus in the midbrain

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55
Q

Where do the Central cortex and Central nuclei of the cerebellum receive afferents from?

A
  • From extensive areas of contralateral neocortex (by way of corticopontine – frontopontine, temporopontine- and then pontocerebellar –transverse pontine- projections)

*From ipsilateral proprioceptors in muscles, tendons and joints
(by way of anterior and posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts)

*From vestibular apparatus

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56
Q

Where does the Cerebellar nuclei send its Efferent fibres to?

A
  • Contralateral Thalamus ( Ventral lateral nucleus projecting on area 4
  • Red nucleus
  • Reticular formation bilaterally
  • Ipsilateral vestibular nuclei
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57
Q

Where does the Inferior Olivary complex receive its AFFERENT fibres from?

A

Neocortical motor areas
Red nucleus
Spinal cord

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58
Q

Which nuclei relays information from spinal cord, vestibular nuclei
and cerebral cortex?

A

Precerebellar reticular nuclei

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59
Q

True or False? The corticospinal tract is not myelinated in infants.

A

TRUE!!

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60
Q

A lesion of the coticospinal tract ( pyramidal tract ) can present with what signs?

A
  • Babinski sign
  • Sometimes: absence of superficial abdominal reflexes (induced by stimulation with a safety pin on the abdomen).
  • Sometimes: absence of cremasteric reflex. Cremaster muscle fails to contract when skin of medial side of thigh is stimulated.
  • Loss of performance of fine-skilled voluntary movements, specially at distal end of limbs
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61
Q

What are the signs of a Extrapyramidal tract lesion?

A
  • Muscle weakness of upper limbs (extensors) or lower limbs (flexors) with
    little or no muscle atrophy (except secondary to disuse)

+ Spasticity or hypertonicity of muscles. Lower limb maintained in extension
and lower limb in flexion

+ Exaggerated deep muscle reflexes (faster and more brisk than in normal
patients

+ Sometimes: patella clonus

+ Stretch reflex: clasp-knife reaction. When passive movement of a joint is
attempted, there is resistance owing to spasticity of muscles. Muscles,
on stretching, suddendly give way

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62
Q

Where are upper motor neurons lesions take place?

A

Lesion of neural pathway above anterior horn cell of spinal cord or motor
nuclei of cranial nerves

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63
Q

Where do lower motor neurons lesions occur?

A

Lesions due to destruction (degeneration) of cell body in anterior gray column
or its axon in anterior root or spinal nerve

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64
Q

What are the symptoms s of a lower motor neuron lesion?

A

+ Muscle weakness (but with flaccidity)

+ Hypotonia

+ Decrease or loss of reflexes (hyporeflexia or areflexia)

+ At later time points: fasciculations (twitching of muscles), fibrillations

+ Muscle wasting/amyotrophy

+ Muscular contractures

+ Changes in skin, nail, hair (signs of end-stage muscle denervation)

+ Only muscles innervated by the damaged nerves will be symptomatic

+ No Babinski sign

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65
Q

What are examples of Lower motor neuron lesions diseases?

A

Motor neuron disease
. Adult: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in adults: ALS – Charcot’s disease

	. Children: spinal muscular atrophy  (SMA) in infants caused by anomalies in 
	the SMN1 gene: SMA type I: Werdnig-Hofmann disease, SMA type II and III, 
	congenital SMA with arthrogryposis

+ Post-polio syndrome

+ Pseudobulbar palsy and progressive bulbar palsy

+ Spinal cord injury with nerve root compression

+ Poliomyelitis (affecting anterior horn cell)

+ Peripheral neuropathy (diabetic, alcoholic, inherited – i.e., Charcot-Marie-Tooth-,
gammopathy)

+ Guillain-Barre syndrome

66
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are separated by what structure?

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

67
Q

What is the name of the structure that connects right and left hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

68
Q

What is the name of the fold of dura mater that separates the Cerebellum from the Cerebral hemispheres?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

69
Q

Where is the lateral sulcus ( aka Sylvian fissure) located?

A

It is on the inferior surface of the hemisphere, extending laterally between the temporal and frontal bone.

70
Q

The lateral sulcus divides into Three rami. What are they?

A

Posterior Ramus : Main part of the sulcus
Anterior ramus: short distance to frontal lobe
Ascending ramus: Short distance to frontal lobe

71
Q

What is the Sylvian point and where is it located?

A

It is the nearest point of the skull to the lateral sulcus and it is found 30mm behind the zygomatic process of frontal bone.

72
Q

Where is the Insula located?

A

It is located on the inferior surface of the hemisphere at the bottom of the lateral sulcus.

73
Q

To what structure was the Insula bounded to in Embryonic life?

A

Corpus Striatum

74
Q

Which sulcus begins on the posterior end of Corpus callosum?

A

Calcarine sulcus

75
Q

Fill in the blanks. “The calcarine sulcus is joined at an acute angel by the ___________.”

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

76
Q

What are the structures included in the Basal Ganglia?

A
  • Corpus striatum composed of: caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
    (in some books, nucleus accumbens included)
  • Amygdaloid nucleus
  • Claustrum [connects cortical (i.e., prefrontal cortex) to subcortical (i.e., thalamus) structures]- Role unknown
77
Q

Which gyrus found in the Temporal lobe is associated with a receptive language area which extends in Parietal lobe?

A

The posterior part of the Superior Temporal gyrus , Planum Temporale”

78
Q

True or False? The Plan Temporale is larger on the right side in Males but not Females.

A

FALSE!! It is larger on the LEFT side in MALES but not females.

79
Q

What are the names of the regions concealing the insula?

A

Frontal, parietal and temporal opercula

80
Q

Which sulcus divides the insulation into two regions?

A

Central sulcus

81
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The Insula is outlined by a ____________.”

A

Circular sulcus

82
Q

What is the name given to the Inferior part of the Insula ( in region of stem of lateral sulcus ?

A

Limen Insulae

83
Q

What separates the Lentiform nucleus from the Insula?

A

The external and extreme capsules with the Claustrum between

84
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The cortex of the insula is involved in _______.”

A

Involuntary activities such as control of viscera by autonomic nervous system.

85
Q

What is the name of the structure that separates the Cingulate gyrus from the Corpus Callosum?

A

Callosal sulcus

86
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The cingulate gyrus is separated from the superior frontal gyrus by __________.”

A

The cingulate sulcus

87
Q

What structure is found between the collateral sulcus and the calcarine sulcus?

A

Lingual gyrus

88
Q

What structure is located Medially to the Olfactory sulcus?

A

Gyrus Rectus

89
Q

What structure is located Laterally to the Olfactory sulcus ?

A

Orbital Gyri

90
Q

What condition can arise if there is a Lesion located in the Medial Occipitotemporal gyrus ( Fusiform gyrus) ?

A

Prosopagnosia: disorder of face perception
(no recognition of familiar faces)

91
Q

Which gyrus extend from the Occipital Pole to the Temporal Pole?

A

Medial occipitotemporal gyrus (fusiform gyrus)

92
Q

What lines the lateral ventricles and what substance is it filled with?

A

It is lined with ependyma and filled with CSF

93
Q

What structures does the Lateral ventricle communicate with the cavity of the third ventricle?

A

Through the inter ventricular foramen

94
Q

Which structures make up Broca’s speech area ?

A

Pars Opercularis and Pars Triangularis

95
Q

What Broadman’s number is Broca’s speech area?

A

Broadman’s Area 44&45

96
Q

A lesion in Broca’s speech area would cause ?

A

Expresssive Aphasia aka Non- Fluent Aphasia

97
Q

Which structures are made up of commissural fibres ?

A

+ Corpus callosum
+ Anterior commissure
+ Posterior commissure
+ Fornix
+ Habenular commissure

98
Q

What is the largest commissure?

A

Corpus callosum

99
Q

What is the main tract in non-placental animals?

A

Anterior Commissure

100
Q

True or False? Corpus callosum is ONLY found in Placental animals.

A

TRUE!!

101
Q

The habenular nuclei receives afferent fibres from?

A

Amygdaloid nucleus and hippocampus

102
Q

Which commissure is related to the inferior part of stalk of Pineal gland?

A

Posterior commissure

103
Q

What is the Efferent system for the hippocampus that passes to the maxillary bodies?

A

Fornix

104
Q

What is the function of the Comissure of the fornix?

A

It connects hippocampal formations of both sides.

105
Q

Which association fibers has the largest bundle of nerve fibres?

A

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

106
Q

Which association fiber connects the Primary motor speech area and gyro of the inferior surface of the Frontal lobe with the cortex of Temporal lobe?

A

Uncinate Fasciculus

107
Q

What is the function of the Cingulum ?

A

It is a fasciculus found in the white matter of the Cingulate gyrus that connects the frontal and parietal lobes with the Hippocampal area.

108
Q

Which association fibres connects the anterior part of the frontal lobe with the temporal and occipital lobes?

A

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

109
Q

Which association fibres connects the frontal lobe with the occipital and temporal lobe ?

A

Fronto-Occipital fasciculus

110
Q

What is the function of the Inferior longitudinal fasciculus?

A

It runs from the Occipital lobe to optic radiations

111
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Afferent and efferent nerve fibers passing to and from cerebral cortex must travel between large masses of of nuclei of gray matter.

112
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The internal capsule is flanked medially by __________ &_____________ and laterally by the _________.”

A

Medially - Caudate nucleus & Thalamus
Laterally - Lentiform nucleus

113
Q

What are optic radiations ?

A

These are nerve fibers lying within most posterior part of posterior limb of internal capsule radiating towards calcarine sulcus.

114
Q

Which part of the Internal capsule is located beneath lenticular (lentiform) nucleus with tracts involved in
auditory pathway from medial geniculate bodyto primary auditory cortex(Brodmann areas 41 and 42)?

A

Sublenticular portion

115
Q

What is the blood supply for the Telo Chordiae?

A

Choroidal branches of ICA and Basillary arteries

116
Q

A lesion in the Premotor area results in what condition?

A

IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA : deficits in ability to plan or complete motor actions. Able to explain how to perform an action, but unable to act out a
movement such as “pretend to brush your teeth“. However, automatic-voluntary dissociation. For example, they may not be able to pick up a phone when asked to do so, but can perform the action without thinking when the phone rings

117
Q

What Broadman/s area is the Frontal Eye field?

A

Broadman area 8 &9

118
Q

Where is the Supplementary motor are located?

A

It is located in the medial frontal gyrus on medial surface of hemisphere, anterior to paracentral lobule.

119
Q

Where is the Frontal eye field located?

A

Extends from facial area of precentral gyrus into middle frontal gyrus (areas 8 and 9)

120
Q

What is the function of the Aslant fasciculus ?

A

It connects superior frontal gyrus , (SFG), specifically the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), supplementary motor area
(SMA), and lateral SFG to the pars opercularis and pars triangularis and the anterior insula

121
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ _____________ connects the prefrontal area to the cerebellum through the Pontine nuclei.”

A

Frontopontine fibres.

122
Q

Which area of the brain is concerned with an individual’s personality?

A

Prefrontal cortex

123
Q

What connects the prefrontal cortex in both hemispheres?

A

Commissural fibers of forceps minor and major of corpus callosum

124
Q

At what age does the prefrontal cortex mature?

A

Age 25 years

125
Q

Where is the Secondary somesthethetic area located?

A

The superior lip of the posterior limb of lateral fissure

126
Q

What is the main function of the Somesthetic association area?

A

To receive and integrate different sensory modalities
- Relates to past sensory experiences

127
Q

An injury to the Somesthetic Association area can lead to what condition?

A

Astereognosis (or tactile agnosia if only one hand is affected) is the inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input, such as visual information.

Injury can also lead to apraxia

128
Q

Where is the Somesthetic association area located ?

A

In the Superior Parietal lobe ( Area 5& 7)

129
Q

Which Broadman area is the Primary Visual cortex?

A

Area 17

130
Q

Where does the Primary Visual cortex receive afferent fibres from?

A

Lateral Geniculate body

131
Q

What is the area for most perfect vision?

A

Macula lutea

132
Q

Broadman area 18 & 19 is what area?

A

Secondary Visual Area

133
Q

What is the function of the Secondary Visual Area?

A

To relate visual information received by primary visual area to past visual experiences.

134
Q

What is the function of the Secondary Visual Area?

A

Associated with movements of the eyes when following an object .

135
Q

What Broadman’s area number is the Primary Auditory Area?

A

Areas 41 ( Granular layer) & 42 ( Homotypical layer)

136
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The anterior part of the Primary Auditory area is associated with ____________ while the posterior part is associated with _________.”

A
  • Anterior part concerned with reception of sounds of low frequency
  • Posterior part: sounds of high frequency
137
Q

What is cortical deafness?

A

Refers to people who do not perceive any auditory information but whose hearing is intact

138
Q

What is the main function of the Secondary Auditory area ( Area 22) ?

A

It is necessary for interpretation of sounds and association of auditory input with other sensory information.

139
Q

Where is the sensory speech area of Wernicke?

A

It is located in the left hemisphere , mainly in superior temporal gyrus

140
Q

What is the name of the association fibre that connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

141
Q

What is the main function for the Sensory speech area of Wernicke’s ?

A

Permits understanding of written and spoken language. Allows a person to read a sentence, understand it and say it loud.

142
Q

What are the areas of the brain involved with speech?

A
  • Cortex
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebellum
143
Q

Damage to Wenicke’s area results in what condition?

A

Receptive aphasia - patient unable to understand but able to speak.

144
Q

What gene is involved in development of cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, all structures
important in production of speech?

A

FOXP2

145
Q

Which genes are associated with language?

A

FOXP2, ERC1 and BCL11A

146
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with complex language functions (i.e. reading, writing and interpretation of what is written)?

A

Angular Gyrus

147
Q

A lesion in the Angular gyrus results in __________?

A

Gerstmann syndrome

  • Finger tap agnosia, alexia (inability to read), acalculia (inability to use arithmetic operations), agraphia (inability to copy), and left-right confusion
148
Q

Which part of the brain has a role in behaviour & discrimination ?

A

Association cortex

149
Q

Where is the Supramarginal gyrus located?

A

It is located at the end of the posterior ramus of the internal capsule

150
Q

Which part of the brain controls empathy towards other people ?

A

Right supra marginal gyrus

151
Q

What is the function of the Supramarginal gyrus?

A

It is involved in identifying gestures and postures of other people.

152
Q

What are the different types of Visual Hallucination?

A
  • Charles Bonnet Syndrome: hallucinations of faces or cartoons, lilliputian-type in older people with significant vision loss
  • Peduncular-type hallucinations: scary or deformed faces, and heads, people walking in a line, in dark environment
153
Q

What happens when there is a lesion in the Lingual gyrus?

A

Visual memory dysfunction
. Role in word recognition

154
Q

What happens when there is a lesion in the Parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Patients cannot visually recognize scenes even though they can recognize
the individual objects in the scenes (such as people, furniture, etc.).
Often considered the complement of the fusiform gyrus

155
Q

What aspects are controlled by the dominant hemisphere of the brain?

A

Handedness, perception of language, speech

156
Q

What aspects are controlled by the non-dominant hemisphere of the brain?

A

Spatial perception, recognition of faces and music

157
Q

True or False? More than 90% of population is right-handed and left hemisphere dominant.

A

TRUE!!

158
Q

What are the 5 A’s of Dementia ?

A

+ Aphasia ( can’t communicate properly): expressive (Broca area- Frontal lobe) or receptive (Wernicke area- Temporal lobe)

+ Amnesia ( memory loss) : Hippocampus (Temporal lobe)

+ Apraxia (unable to perform tasks or movements when asked, ) - — (either premotor cortex or posterior parietal cortex)

+ Agnosia ( a patient is unable to recognize and identify objects, persons, or sounds using one or more of their senses ) —- (mainly occipitotemporal border, but also posterior parietal cortex)

+ Abstract thought disturbances: inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus

159
Q

What is the name given to the posterior part of the Superior Temporal gyrus?

A

Planum Temporale

160
Q
A

Neuroscience 2.0 (29 decks)

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