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Neuroscience 2.0 > Skull, Meninges ,Spinal Cord , Ascending Tracts > Flashcards

Skull, Meninges ,Spinal Cord , Ascending Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are found in the neuro-cranium?

A

14

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2
Q

How many bones are found in the viscerocranium?

A

14

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3
Q

What bones makes up the neuro-cranium?

A

F- Frontal bone (1)
E - Ethmoid bone (1)

T- Temporal bone (2)
O- Occipital bone (1)
P - Parietal bone (2)
S- Sphenoid bone (1)
& 6 ossicles

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4
Q

Fill in the blanks.”The upper half of the neuro-cranium consititutes the _______(Vault)

A

Calvera

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5
Q

What bones make up the Calvera?

A
  • Frontal bone
  • Paired parietal bones and with minor participation from sphenoid
  • Squamous section of the temporal
  • Occipital bone
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6
Q

Which bones form the base of the cranial cavity ?

A

T- Temporal bone (2)
O - Occipital bone
E - Ethmoid bone
S- Sphenoid bone

“TOES form base of the cranial cavity”

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7
Q

What is the embryological origin of facial bones?

A

Neural Crest cells

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8
Q

Which bones make up the viscerocranium?

A

Zygomatic bones 2
Maxillary bones 2
Palatine bones 2
Nasal bones 2
Lacrimal bones 2
Inferior concha 2
Vomer bone 1
Mandible 1

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9
Q

True or False? The mandible is apart of the cranium and facial skeleton.

A

FALSE!! The mandible is neither a part of the cranium or facial skeleton.

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10
Q

What is the embryological origin of the mandible?

A

First pharyngeal arch

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11
Q

Fill in the blanks.” The mandible is derived from the first pharyngeal arch mesoderm by perichondral ossification using __________ as a template.

A

Mechel’s cartilage

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12
Q

When do multiple centers of ossification first appear within the chondrocranium ?

A

9th week of inter-uterine development

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13
Q

Which bones form the base of the cranial cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone 1
Sphenoid bone 1
Temporal bones 2
Occipital bone 1

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14
Q

When does the Bregma closes?

A

18-24 months

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15
Q

When does the Lambda closes?

A

4-6 months

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16
Q

True or False? The Malleus and Incus are from the First pharyngeal arch while the Stapes and Styloid process are from the Second pharyngeal arch.

A

TRUE!!

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17
Q

What structure lies deep to the Glabella?

A

The Frontal air sinuses

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18
Q

Which structures of the viscero-cranium does the maxilla contribute to?

A
  • Upper jaw
  • Hard palate ( horizontal plate )
  • Lateral wall of nasal cavity
  • Floor of the orbit
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19
Q

What type of nerve is the infra-orbital nerve?

A

Sensory

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20
Q

What type of nerve is the mental nerve?

A

Sensosry

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21
Q

Which nerve passes through the anterior foramina of the zygomatic bone?

A

Zygomatico-facial nerve

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22
Q

Which nerve passes through the medial foramina of the zygomatic bone?

A

Zygomatico-temporal nerve

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23
Q

Which bone contributes mostly to the roof and side of the cranium?

A

Parietal bone

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24
Q

What structures lies internal to the Pterion?

A
  • The anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery.
  • Spheno-parietal dural sinus
  • On the left side Broca’s speech area of the brain
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25
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The ________represent the site of the Sphenoidal fontanelle in infants while the _________ represent the site of location of the mastoid fontanelle in infants.

A

Pterion - Sphenoidal Fontanelle
Asterion - Mastoid Fontanelle

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26
Q

What is the name of the suture that extends into the frontal bone in the newborn?

A

Metopic suture (formed from the sagittal suture)

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27
Q

At what age is the Metopic suture completely closed?

A

7 years

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28
Q

What are the contents of the Temporal Fossa?

A

Temporalis muscle
Deep temporal nerve (V3)
Blood vessels of muscle
Deep posterior temporal artery
Middle temporal artery

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29
Q

What are the muscles that are apart of the Infra Temporal fossa?

A

Inferior part of Temporalis Muscle.
Medial and lateral pterygoid Muscle

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30
Q

What are the other contents of the Infra temporal fossa?

A

Sphenomandibular ligament
Vessel - Maxillary artery and branches
Pterygoid plexus of veins

Nerves- Mandibular nerve and branches
Chorda tympani
Lesser petrosal N.
Otic ganglion

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31
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The Infra temporal fossa communicates with the pterygo- palatine fossa by way of the ______________.”

A

Pterygo-maxillary fissure

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32
Q

What are the boundaries of the Infra-temporal fossa?

A

Anterior - Maxillary bone

Posterior - Articular tubercleof thetemporal & Spina angularisof the sphenoid.

Lateral - Ramus of mandible

Medial - Lateral pterygoid plate

Roof - Greater wing of Sphenoid bone.

Inferior - Medial pterygoid muscle

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33
Q

What is another name for the external occipital protuberance?

A

Inion

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34
Q

Which muscles attach to the Superior Nuchal line?

A

Trapezius
Occipitalis
Splenius capatis
and Sternocleidomastoid muscle

” TOSS”

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35
Q

Which muscles are attached to the Inferior Nuchal line?

A

Obliquus capitis superior muscle
Rectus capitis posterior major muscle
Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle

” InferiORR nuchal line”

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36
Q

Which muscle is attached at the External Occipital Crest?

A

Ligamentum nuchae

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37
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Internally within the skull, the transverse dural sinus transition into the _________.”

A

Sigmoid sinus

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38
Q

Which vessels goes through the incisive foramen?

A

Nasopalatine nerves

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39
Q

Which muscle is attached to the Posterior nasal spine?

A

Musculus uvulae

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40
Q

What structure emerges through the Mastoid canaliculus?

A

Auricular branch of vagus nerve (Arnold’s nerve)

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41
Q

Which two structures form the Straight sinus?

A

It is a union of the Inferior sagittal sinus which runs in the free edge of the falx cerebri and the great vein of Galen

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42
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The Great cerebral vein of Galen is formed by the union of __________ &____________.”

A

The Basal vein of Rosenthal & the Internal cerebral vein.

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43
Q

Where is the Internal cerebral vein formed?

A

Interventricular foramen of Munro

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44
Q

Which veins come together to form the Internal cerebral vein?

A

Thalamostriate vein
Septal veins
Choroidal vein.

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45
Q

What are the structures going through the Foramen Magnum?

A

Spinal cord
Brain stem
Vertebral arteries
Spinal accessory nerves (C1-C5)
Ascending pharyngeal arteries to dura

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46
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The Basi-sphenoid and Basi occiput are cartilagenous joints that closes at _______.”

A

At about age 20 years ( 18-23)

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47
Q

What type of joint is the Basi-occiput?

A

Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis joint

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48
Q

What structures pass through the Jugular Foramen?

A

Inf. Petrosal sinus
Cn IX, X, and XI

” 9,10 & 11 goes through Jugular foramen”

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49
Q

Which nerve goes through the Mandibular Foramen ?

A

Inferior Alveolar nerve

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50
Q

What structure anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

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51
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Conus medullaris ends between _______ & _______.”

A

L1 & L2

52
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1

53
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8

54
Q

What attaches the spinal cord to the dura?

A

Denticulate ligaments

55
Q

What two structures are formed by the Pia mater?

A

Filum terminale and denticulate ligaments

56
Q

What type of fluid is found in sub-arachnoid spaces?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

57
Q

What type of fluid is found in sub-dural spaces?

A

Serous fluid

58
Q

Which ganglion is found at the Internal Auditory meatus?

A

Scarpa’s ganglion

59
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The Scarpa’s ganglion contains the first order of neurone for ___________ nerve.”

A

Vestibular

60
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Grey matter is divided into ________ while white matter is divided into _________.”

A

Grey matter - Horns
White matter- Columns (funiculli)

61
Q

True or False? Grey matter is myelinated axons.

A

White matter is myelinated axons.

62
Q

What are connections between left and right halves of the brain?

A

Commisures

63
Q

True or False? Anterior root of the spinal nerve consist of Efferent fibres carrying nerve impulses away from the nervous system.

A

TRUE!!

Anterior root = Efferent = Away

“AEA ( ayeee) “

64
Q

True or False? The posterior root of the spinal nerve consists of Afferent fibres that carry nerve impulses to the CNS.

A

TRUE!!

Posterior root = Afferent = Towards

“PAT”

65
Q

True or False? The anterior root contains sensory fibres while the posterior root contains motor fibres.

A

FALSE!! Anterior root has Motor fibres while Posterior root has Sensory fibres .

AM & PS

66
Q

What is the Posterior white columns divided into?

A

Fasciculus gracilis (medial) and Fasciculus cuneatus (lateral)

67
Q

What are the different nerve cell groups in the Dorsal Gray column?

A
  • Substantia gelatinosa (apex)
  • Nucleus proprius
  • Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column)
68
Q

Which nerve cell group of the Dorsal gray column receives fibers from posterior white column associated with sense of position and movement (proprioception), vibration and two-points discrimination?

A

Nucleus proprius

69
Q

Which nerve cell group of the Dorsal Gray column receive afferent fibers concerned with pain, temperature, touch?

A

Substantia gelatinosa (apex)

70
Q

Which nerve cell group of the Dorsal Group column are associated with proprioceptive endings (neuromuscular and tendon spindles)?

A

Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column)

71
Q

From what spinal nerve roots does Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column) extend from ?

A

From C8 to L3-4

72
Q

True or False ? The Nucleus proprius is absent in lumbar and sacral levels.

A

Fasiculus cuneatus absent in lumbar and sacral levels

73
Q

Where is the Dorsal root ganglia located?

A

Dorsal nerve root

74
Q

What is the Dorsal Root ganglia?

A

An aggregation of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS.

75
Q

What type of cells surround neurone of the PNS ganglia?

A

Satellite cells

76
Q

What are the functions of satellite cells?

A

They provide support, insulate and regulate metabolic change.They are enclosed by connective tissue capsule cells.

77
Q

What type of neurons are found in the Dorsal root ganglia?

A

Numerous round unipolar neurons or sensory neurons.

78
Q

True or False? The Dorsal root ganglia has a nucleus without a nucleolus.

A

FALSE!!!

79
Q

What type of information is conducted by the ascending tracts?

A

Afferent Information .

  • Exteroceptive ( originates OUTSIDE the body )
  • Proprioceptive ( originate INSIDE the body) .
80
Q

What is the name of the deep longitudinal fissure found in the spinal cord?

A

Anterior median fissure

81
Q

In the anterior gray column nerve cell groups , What are the types of axons are passed out in the anterior root of the spinal nerves and what do they innervate?

A
  • Alpha efferents - which innervate skeletal muscles .
  • Gamma efferents - which innervate the lntrafusal muscle fibers of neuromuscular spindles.
82
Q

What are the three basic nerve cell groups of the Anterior gray column?

A
  • Medial
  • Central
  • Lateral
83
Q

Which nerve cell group of the Anterior grey horn is present in most segments of the spinal cord?

A

Medial group

84
Q

What is the main purpose for the medial group of the anterior gray horn?

A

They innervate the musculature of the neck and the trunk, including the intercostal and abdominal musculature .

85
Q

Which nerve cell group of the Anterior gray horn is responsible for innervating the skeletal muscles for the limbs?

A

Lateral group

86
Q

What type of neurons are found in the substantia gelatinosa nerve cell group?

A

Golgi Type II neurons

87
Q

Which nerve cell group of the Posterior Gray horn is associated with receiving visceral afferent information?

A

Visceral afferent nucleus.

88
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The Visceral afferent nucleus extends from ____________ to _______”

A

T1 to L3

89
Q

True or False? The central canal is closed inferiorly and opens superiorly into the Fourth ventricle.

A

TRUE!!

90
Q

Where does the first order neuron have its cell body located?

A

In the Posterior (Dorsal) root ganglion.

91
Q

Where is the third order neutron normally located?

A

In the thalamus

91
Q

Which neuron gives rise to an axon that decussates and ascend to a higher level of the CNS?

A

Second order neuron

92
Q

Which spinothalamic tract is associated with light (crude) touch and pressure?

A

The anterior spinothalamic tract

93
Q

What type of sensory information ascends in the Lateral spinothalamic tract?

A

Painful and Thermal sensations

94
Q

Discriminative touch (ability to discriminate that 2 areas are being touched simultaneously even is close together ascends in which ascending tract?

A

Posterior white columns

95
Q

What also ascends in the Posterior white columns?

A

Information from muscles and joints pertaining to movements and positions of different parts.

96
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Vibratory sensations ascend in the _______.”

A

Posterior white columns

97
Q

True or False? . Unconscious informations from the skin, joints, muscles and subcutaneous
tissues reaches the cerebellum by the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts & the Cuneocerebellar tract .

A

TRUE!!

98
Q

Pain, Thermal and Tactile information are passed to the superior colliculus of the midbrain through which tract?

A

Spinotectal tract for Spinovisual reflexes.

99
Q

What is the function for the Spinoreticular tract?

A

Provides a pathway for muscle , joints and skin to the reticular information.

100
Q

Which ascending tract is an indirect pathway for further afferent information to reach the cerebellum?

A

Spino-olivary tract

101
Q

What type of fibres are pain impulses transmitted to the spinal cord?

A

Delta A type fibres & Slow conducting C fibres

102
Q

For the lateral spinothalmic tract , where does the First order neurons synapse and what substance is normally released?

A

It synopses in the Posterior Gray column including cells in the substantia gelatinosa.

Substance P is normally released at this synapse.

103
Q

Which two ascending tracts join together with the lateral spinothalamic tract to from the Spinal Lemniscus?

A

The anterior spinothalamic tract and the Spinotectal tract.

104
Q

Where does the Spinotectal tract ascend to?

A

To the Superior colliculus in the mid-brain.
( The Inferior & Superior colliculus makes up the Tectum in the midbrain hence Spino-TECTAL tract)

105
Q

Which receptor responds to any stimuli that bring damage to the tissue?

A

Nocireceptors

106
Q

Which receptors are associated rods and cones of the retina are sensitive to changes in light intensity and wavelength?

A

Electromagnetic receptors

107
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscules located?

A

Dermal papillae of skinof palm and sole of foot

108
Q

Where are Ruffini corpuscles located?

A

Dermis of hairy skin

109
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscules located?

A

Dermis, ligaments, joint capsules, peritoneum

110
Q

True or False? Merckel’s discs are located on Hairy skin?

A

FALSE!! They are located on HAIRLESS skin

111
Q

What is the sensory modality for Pacinian corpuscules?

A

Vibration

112
Q

Which nuclei is located in the mid-brain?

A

Substantia nigra and red nucleus

113
Q

Where does the lateral spinothalamic tract join with the anterior spinothalamic tract and spinotectal tract, forming spinal lemniscus?

A

In the medulla oblongata

114
Q

Which two nuclei does the lateral spinothalamic tract lie in between in the medulla oblongata?

A

Between the inferior olivary and nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve

115
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract end by making a synapse with the third-order neuron?

A

In the Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

116
Q

True or False? In the midbrain, the spinothalamic tract lies in the Tectum.

A

FALSE!!! It lies in the TEGMENTUM , lateral to the medial leminiscus.

117
Q

Where does the third-order neurons of the Lateral Spinothalamic tract pass through?

A

It passes through the posterior limb of the internal
capsule and corona radiata to reach the somesthetic area in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.

118
Q

Where is the second order neurons located for the Fasciculus Gracillis and Fasciculus cutaneous?

A

Nuclei gracilis and cuneatus of the medulla oblongata

119
Q

What is the name given to the axons of the second order neurons that crosses the median plane for the Posterior white column?

A

Internal arcuate fibres

120
Q

Where is the Somesthetic area located?

A

In the post-central gyrus of the cerebral cortex

121
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Fibers of fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus ascend ____________.”

A

Ipsilaterally

122
Q

Where do posterior cerebellar fibres receive joint information from?

A

Muscle spindles, tendons and joint receptors of trunk and lower limbs.

123
Q

True or False? Most of the fibres of the spinoreticular tracts are uncrossed.

A

TRUE!!

124
Q

Where is the third order neurons located for the Spino-olivary tract?

A

The inferior olivary nuclei in the medulla oblongata

125
Q

Fill in the blanks. “- Spino-olivary tract conveys information to the __________ from cutaneous and
proprioceptive organs.”

A

Cerebellum

126
Q
A

Neuroscience 2.0 (29 decks)

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