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Neuroscience 2.0 > Physio - Optical properties of Eye & Vision > Flashcards

Physio - Optical properties of Eye & Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Which layer of the retina contains the Cell bodies of rods & cones?

A

Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL)

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2
Q

Which layer of the retina contains the Nuclei of horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cells ?

A

Inner Nuclear Layer

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3
Q

What structures are found in the Outer Plexiform layer?

A

Rod and cone axons
Horizontal cell dendrites
Bipolar dendrites

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4
Q

Which layer of the retina axons of bipolars (and amacrines), dendrites of ganglion cells ?

A

Inner Plexiform Layer

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5
Q

Which structures are found in the Layer of the Ganglion cells?

A

Nuclei of the ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells .

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6
Q

Fill in the blanks.” ___________________ connect receptor cells to other receptor cells in the outer plexiform layer. “

A

Horizontal cells

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7
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ ________________ connect ganglion cells to one another in the inner plexiform layer.”

A

Amacrine cells

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8
Q

Which region of the highest visual activity of the retina?

A

Fovea

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9
Q

True or False? The Fovea is the centre of the retina .

A

TRUE!!

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ _______________ are black /white receptors.”

A

Rods

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11
Q

What is the functions of the Rods?

A

To detect motion, responsible for peripheral vision, low-light vision.

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12
Q

True or False? In the retina , Light BLOCKS cGMP binding.

A

TRUE!!

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13
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ _____________ need bright light for activation (photopic vision) while ___________ are inactive during the day ( Scotopic vision) .

A

CONES - need Bright light ( Photopic vision )

RODS- are inactive during the day ( Scotopic vision )

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14
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Cones are found in the ___________ and concentrated in the __________.”

A

Cones are found in the Macula Lutea, concentrated in the Fovea Centralis.

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15
Q

True or False? There are more Cones than Rods in the eyes.

A

FALSE!! There are more Rods in the eyes than cones.

120 milli in eye ( rods)
6 milli in eye (cones)

’ Rods rules!!’

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16
Q

True or False? Photopic vision ( Cones) distinguishes shapes and colors while Scotopic vision ( Rods) distinguishes shapes but not colors.

A

TRUE!!

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17
Q

Which vision is used at night when the light intensity is LOW?

A

Scotopic vision

18
Q

Which bipolar cells are Glutamate INHIBITORY to ?

A

On- Centre( H) bipolar cells

19
Q

Which bipolar cells are Glutamate is EXCITATORY to?

A

Off- Centre ( D) bipolar cells

20
Q

Where are midget bipolar cells concentrated?

A

In the Fovea

21
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Rods bipolar cells listen to _________.”

A

15-45 rods

22
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Cone bipolar cells listen to ________.”

A

5-20 adjacent cones

23
Q

Which cells play a role in “ centre/sound detection”?

A

Horizontal cells

24
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ ___________ release GABA continuously if NOT activated but when they become activated by receptors they cease GABA release preventing the cone and rod receptors from signaling light detection.”

A

Horizontal cells

25
Q

What is the best stimulus for Horizontal cells?

A

Illumination of a large area of retina.

26
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Rod bipolar cells do not connect directly to ganglion cells, but rather indirectly via __________.”

A

Amacrine ( non-polar) cells

27
Q

Which cells are the output of the retina and are known as the ‘on’& ‘off’ centre receptive cells?

A

Ganglion cells

28
Q

True or False? M cells are Not colour sensitive and handle low contrast.

A

TRUE!!

29
Q

What is the Visual pigment of Rods?

A

Rhodopsin (opsin + 11-cis retinal)

30
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ 11-cis retinal + opsin regenerate __________.”

A

Rhodopsin

31
Q

Which colour is Rhodopsin most sensitive to?

A

Blue-Green

31
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Ganglion cells of the retina project their axons towards the ___________ of the eye.”

A

Posterior pole

32
Q

What layer numbers are Magnocellular layers?

A

Layers 1&2

33
Q

What layer numbers are Parvocellular layers?

A

3,4,5& 6

34
Q

Small visual field deficits are called?

A

Scotomas

35
Q

Large visual field deficits are called?

A

Anopsias.

35
Q

The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the?

A

Iris

36
Q

Iris muscles are controlled by ANS. Fill in the blanks ‘ PNS innervate ___________ while SNS innervate _____________ .’

A

PNS innervate circular muscle
SNS innervate radial muscle

37
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ ______________ causes circular muscles of the eye to contract.”

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

38
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ ________________ causes radial muscles to contract .”

A

Sympathetic stimulation

39
Q

What is the name given to the pathology when a patient has loss of central vision?

A

Central Scotoma

40
Q
A

Neuroscience 2.0 (29 decks)

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