Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience 2.0 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

WWhat is the most common neuron type to be found in the central nervous system?

A

Multipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are bipolar neurons located?

A

Only found in the eye, ear and nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

WHat is the normal time for synaptic delay?

A

0.5 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different types of Synapses?

A

Axodendritic- Between axons terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another.
Axosomatic - between axons and neuronal cell bodies
Axoaxonic
Dendrodendritic
Dendrosomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common type of Synapse?

A

Axodendritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False? Amines are stored in small clear vesicles while Amino acids are stored in small dense vesicles.

A

FALSE!! Amines are stored in small DENSE vesicles.

Amino acids are stored in small CLEAR vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are examples of excitatory amino acids?

A

Glutamate, Aspartate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of inhibitory amino acids?

A

Glycine, GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are examples of Amines?

A

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which neurotransmitter is stored in large dense vesicles?

A

Neuropeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are examples of Neuropeptides?

A
  • Substance P, Vasopressin, endorphins, neurotensins etc.
  • Purines and Pyrimidine
    Adenosine, ATP, UTP (Uridine triphosphate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are neuropeptides synthesized?

A

They are synthesised by ribosomes in neuronal cell bodies?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are neurotransmitters stored in vesicles?

A
  • Concentration- (mediated by binding proteins and by H+ powered vesicular transporters)
  • Protection from degradation - by proteases and esterases
  • Allows for regulation
  • Provides a storage system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fill in the blanks.” ________ is needed for synaptic vesicle budding ,fusion and discharge .”

A

Ca 2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the substance that is used to coat the vesicular membrane , after neurotransmitter release?

A

Clathrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is Calcium restored to its resting level during vesicle transport?

A

By a Ca2+-Na+ antiport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which neurotoxin is known to destroy synaptic vesicles?

A

Batrachotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Botulum toxins damages which proteins?

A

t-SNARES and v-SNARES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ VAMP1 and VAMP2 proteins known as ____________are expressed in brain and are constituents of the synaptic vesicles, where they participate in _____________.”

A

Synaptobrevins

They participate in neuromediator release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which Vesicle associated membrane protein participates in regulated and constitutive exocytosis ?

A

VAMP3 (known as CELLUBREVIN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or False? VAMP 8 is involved in the the transport from the Golgi apparatus?

A

FALSE! VAMP4 is involved in transport from the Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fill in the blanks. “_________and __________ participate in constitutive exocytosis

A

VAMP5 & VAMP 7 (SYLB1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or False? VAMP5 is a constituent of secretory vesicles, myotubes and tubulovesicular structures while VAMP7 is found both in secretory granules and endosomes.

A

TRUE!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which VAMP is also known as Endobrevin ?

A

VAMP 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which VAMP participates in endocytosis and is found in early endosomes?

A

VAMP 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which VAMP also participates the regulated exocytosis in pancreatic acinar cells?

A

VAMP 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ In hypoxia Cortical areas are more sensitive to __________-than the vegetative centers of the brain stem.”

A

Hypogylcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True or False? The brain depends more on aerobic metabolism.

A

TRUE!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does Glucose enter the brain?

A

Glucose enters the brain via GLUT 1 in cerebral capillaries ( cerebral arteries).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where is Glycogen normally stored in the brain?

A

In astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fill in the blanks. “During prolonged starvation, ____________ and _____________ replaces glucose as the predominant fuel for brain metabolism. “

A

Beta-hydroxybutyrate & Acetoacetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which Glucose transporter transport glucose from interstitium into neurons and glial cells?

A

GLUT3 / GLUT5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What area in the brain is the glucose sensor?

A

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

At that level of glucose is Epinephrine triggered?

A

At ~70 mg/dL of blood glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypoglycaemia ?

A

Shakiness, trembling, nervousness, and tachycardia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the Multiorgan effects of Hypoglycaemia ?

A

(1) drives glycogenolysis,
(2) stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney,
(3) decreases peripheral glucose uptake,
(4) stimulation of lipolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In type 1 or 2 diabetes, what becomes the critical counterregulatory factor?

A

Epinephrine secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When is Cortisol & Growth hormone released in response to hypoglycaemia?

A

After 3 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the functions of Cortisol & Growth hormone?

A

(1) systemic glucose production.

(2) suppressing peripheral glucose oxidation and use.

(3) lipolysis.

40
Q

How are ketone bodies transferred into the brain?

A

Through the blood-brain barrier monocarboxylic transporters (MCTs)

41
Q

What are the enzymes involved in oxidizing ketone bodies to acetyl coA?

A
  • 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
  • SCOT (succinyl-CoA-acetoacetate-CoA transferase)
  • Mitochondrial acetyl-CoA thiolase
42
Q

Filll in the blanks.” ___________ is a non-enzymatic byproduct of ketone body synthesis and is largely excreted in the urine or exhaled from the lungs.”

A

Acetone

43
Q

True or False? The amount of acetyl-CoA formed from ketone body metabolism is greater than that formed from glucose metabolism.

A

TRUE!!

44
Q

What are the results of excessive Glutamate release?

A
  • Epilepsy, traumatic brain injury
  • Na+ and Ca2+ IC accumulation leading to swelling
45
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Glutamate entering the brain takes up ammonia and leaves as ________.”

A

Glutamine

46
Q

What substance is believed to be a major cause of the bizarre neurologic symptoms in hepatic coma?

A

Ammonia

47
Q

Where is Glutamine metabolised in the body?

A

In the liver/kidneys

48
Q

What structures form the Circle of Willis?

A

2 Internal carotid and 2 vertebral arteries

49
Q

True or False? A drop in Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) produces vasodilatation
A rise in CPP produce vasoconstriction.

A

TRUE!!

50
Q

What is a Haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Rupture of aneurysm, road traffic accident and rupture of cerebral artery.

51
Q

What is an Ischaemic stroke?

A

Thrombus formation on atherosclerotic plaque, blockage by emboli. Reduced glutamate uptake by astrocytes, and the increase in local glutamate causes excitotoxic damage and death to neurons.

52
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by?

A

Choroid plexuses

53
Q

What is the total CSF in the brain?

A

120 -150ml

54
Q

How much CSF is produced per minute and per day?

A

0.5ml per minute & 550-720 ml per day

55
Q

What is the compound that’s contain in CSF the most?

A

Na + ( 154mM)

56
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The CSF passes back into blood through tiny diverticula of arachnoid mater called _____________, which project into the venous sinuses.”

A

Arachnoid villi (arachnoid granulations)

57
Q

True or False? CSF Removes metabolic wastes through absorption &
Transports hormones.

A

TRUE!!

58
Q

What are senses that do NOT reach to consciousness?

A

Muscle length
Muscle tension
Arterial blood pressure
Central venous pressure
Inflation of lungs
Temperature of blood in head
Arterial Po2,

59
Q

What are special senses?

A

Vision, Smell, hearing, rotational and linear acceleration and taste.

60
Q

What are general senses?

A

Touch, pressure, cold, warmth, pain, Joint position and movement.

61
Q

Where are Merkel’s discs located ?

A

In the basal layer of the epidermis

62
Q

What are the senses that DO NOT reach to consciousness?

A

Muscle length, muscle tension, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, inflation of lungs, temperature of blood in head, arterial Po2,

63
Q

Which classification of sensory receptors monitor the degree of Stretch?

A

Proprioceptors

64
Q

Where are Proprioceptors located?

A

In musculoskeletal organs

65
Q

What are the Classification of Sensory receptors by location?

A

Exteroreceptors
Interoreceptors
Propriorecptors

66
Q

What are the Classification of Sensory receptors by Modality?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors – respond to mechanical forces.
  • Thermoreceptors – respond to temperature changes.
  • Chemoreceptors – respond to chemicals in solution.
  • Photoreceptors – respond to light – located in the eye .
  • Nociceptors – respond to harmful stimuli that result in pain
67
Q

What are the classification of receptors according to their structure?

A

Free nerve endings
Encapsulated nerve endings

68
Q

Where are Merkel discs located?

A

In the Basal layer of the epidermis

69
Q

What are examples of Free nerve endings?

A
  • Free nerve endings of sensory neurons
  • Merkel dics
  • Hair follicle receptors
70
Q

What are examples of Encapsulated nerve endings?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
Paninian corpuscle
Ruffin’s corpuscles

71
Q

True or False? Merck’s discs are slow- adapting & sensitive to touch and vibration.

A

TRUE !!

72
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Krause end bulbs are _________.”

A

Thermoreceptors

73
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ ____________is rapid acting, Sensitive to light touch & vibrations and has a superficial location?”

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

74
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ ______________ are Sensitive to deep pressure & vibrations
Rapid adapting
Deep subcutaneous tissue location.”

A

Pacinian corpuscles

75
Q

What is the name give to the sensory nerve endings within the joint capsule?

A

Joint kinesthetic receptors

76
Q

What measures the changing length of a muscle?

A

Muscle spindles

77
Q

What is the Receptive area of a sensory unit?

A

The ‘receptive field’ of a sensory unit is the area, from which a stimulus produces response in the unit.

78
Q

True or False?The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the number of sensory receptors.

A

TRUE!!

79
Q

True or False? Chemoreceptors have Ligand gated channels .

A

TRUE!!

80
Q

Fill in the blanks. “__________ alters the permeability of the membrane while _____________changes the receptor membrane characteristics.

A

Temperature change - alters the permeability of the membrane.

Electromagnetic radiation - changes the receptor membrane characteristics.

81
Q

What is a Tonic receptor?

A

A tonic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus. In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus.

82
Q

What are examples of Tonic receptors?

A

Pain receptors, Joint capsule and Muscle spindle

83
Q

What is a Phasic receptor ?

A

A phasic receptorA phasic receptor is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops

84
Q

What are examples of Phasic receptors?

A

Pacinian corpuscle.

85
Q

What are the neurotransmitter & stimuli of Large myelinated Aβ fibers?

A

Mechanical stimuli - Glutamate

86
Q

What are the stimuli and the neurotransmitter for Small Myelinated Aδ fibers
for?

A

Cold receptors & Nociceptors that mediate fast pain
&
Substance P

87
Q

True or False? The dorsal horn includes Laminae I-VI.

A

TRUE!!

88
Q

Which lamina is known as the Intermediate zone?

A

Lamina VII ( 7)

89
Q

Which laminae of the spinal cord is known as the Ventral zone?

A

Lamina VIII (8) - IX (9)

90
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Lamina I is known as ________.”

A

Marginal zone

91
Q

Fill in the blanks .” Lamina II is known as _________.”

A

Substantia gelatinosa

92
Q

True or False? The substantial gelatinous receives afferent information from myelinated fibres.

A

FALSE!! The substantia gelatinous recipes afferent from Non-myelinated fibres

93
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Lamina II, IV, & VI is knowns as the ____________.”

A

Nucleus Proprious

94
Q

What is the function of the Clarke’s nucleus?

A

Cells of Clarke’s nucleus relay information about the position and movement of the leg and lower trunk directly to the cerebellum

95
Q
A

Neuroscience 2.0 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions