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Neuroscience 2.0 > Physio- Olfaction & Taste > Flashcards

Physio- Olfaction & Taste Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells are found in Olfactory epithelium?

A
  • Cell bodies of olfactory receptor cells
  • Supporting cells – columnar cells
  • Basal cells – form new olfactory receptor cells
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2
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Olfactory Receptors?

A

Cilia
Olfactory Knob
Olfactory Rod
Axon

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3
Q

What are the 7 Primary Doors associated with the Olfactory epithelium receptors?

A

Camphor
Musk
Floral
Peppermint
Ether
Pungent
Putrid

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4
Q

What are the 5 layers of the Olfactory bulb ( Superficial to deep)?

A

Olfactory nerve layer
Glomerular layer
External plexiform layer
Mitral cell layer
Granule cell layer

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5
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The unmyelinated axon of an olfactory receptor group together into bundles called _________.”

A

Olfactory fila

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6
Q

CNS input on the glomeruli via centrifugal afferents. What are these afferents?

A
  • Locus ceruleus (Noradrenergic)
  • The raphe nuclei of the midbrain and rostral pons (serotonergic ).

The ipsilateral anterior olfactory nucleus and the diagonal band Excitatory (eg glutamate, primarily on periglomerular cells).

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7
Q

Which cells connect one glomerulus to another ?

A

Periglomerular cells

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8
Q

What is the function of Granule cells?

A

They inhibit mitral and tufted cell by releasing GABA

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9
Q

True or False? Periglomerular cells are excitatory neurons.

A

FALSE!! They are Inhibitor neurons

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Axons of mitral and tufted cells emerge from the caudal portion of the olfactory bulb to form ____________.”

A

The lateral Olfactory tract

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11
Q

Fill in the blanks. : Mitral cells and tufted cells excite granule cells by releasing __________, _________ & _____________

A

Glutamate , Aspartate & Substance P

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12
Q

Where is the glomerulus located?

A

In the Olfactory bulb

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13
Q

What are the targets of the Olfactory pathway?

A

Limbic lobe (28)
Piriform lobe ( 34)
( overlies uncus and orbitofrontal lobe)

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14
Q

Where do the lateral axons of the Olfactory pathway project to?

A

Lateral axons project caudally and terminate in the uncus (medial part of the amygdala) and parahippocampal gyrus.

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15
Q

Where do the Uncal nuerons of the Olfactory pathway then project to?

A

They Uncal neurons then project to the Dorso-medial nuclei of Thalamus then they project to the Orbitofrontal cortex which is the Primary Olfactory cortex.

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16
Q

True or False? A parallel path projects from uncus to posterior parahippocampal gyrus then directly to orbitofrontal cortex bypassing the thalamus.

A

TRUE!!

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17
Q

What Broadman area is the Primary Olfactory cortex?

A

Periamydaloid and prepiriform areas (Brodman’s area 34)

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18
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The Secondary Olfactory cortex is __________.”

A

The Entorhinal area ( Broadman area 28 ) of the parahippocampal gyrus

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19
Q

True or False? Alpha Androstenol are predominantly secreted by Males.

A

FALSE!! They are predominantly secreted by Females.

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20
Q

What does the term Cacosmia mean?

A

Things smell like faeces

21
Q

What does the term Dysosmia mean?

A

Things smell differently than they should

22
Q

What is the term given to when things smell worse than they should?

A

Parosmia

23
Q

What is the term given to a lack of smell?

A

Anosmia

24
Q

What does the term Hyperosmia?

A

This is an abnormally acute sense of smell.

25
Q

What is the sense organ for Taste?

A

Taste buds

26
Q

Where are taste buds located ?

A

Located in mucosa of epiglottis, palate, pharynx and tongue

27
Q

Where do Basal cells arise from?

A

Epithelial cells

28
Q

What are the four different cells found in Taste buds?

A
  • Basal Cells
  • Type 1& 2 cells - Sustentacular cells
  • Type 3 - Gustatory receptor cells
29
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Old receptor Basal cells are continuously replaced with a half time of ________.”

A

10 days

30
Q

Which cells project into the taste pore ( an opening to the Oral cavity) ?

A

Gustatory receptor cells

31
Q

Where are Sustentacular cells located in the taste bud?

A

They are located on the outer portion of the bud. However some are located on the inferior of the bud between the gustatory cells.

32
Q

Where are the Gustatory cells located in the taste bud?

A

They occupy the central portion of the bud.

33
Q

Which type of papillae does NOT contain tastebuds?

A

Filliform papillae

34
Q

Where are Circumvallate taste buds located?

A

In the Sulcus Terminalis

35
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The anterior papillae of Foliate papillae are innervated by _________ while the posterior papillae are innervated by the ________.”

A

Anterior papillae- Facial nerve

Posterior papillae - Glossopharyngeal nerve

36
Q

Fill in the blanks.” The circumvallate papillae are innervated by the ________.”

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

37
Q

How many circumvallate papillae are present ?

A

3-14

38
Q

What are the 5 established basic tastes?

A

Sweet , Sour , Bitter, Salt and Umami( Savoury )

39
Q

What type of channels are expressed by Sour sensing taste cells?

A

Proton-sensitive potassium leak channels (Triggered by protons(H+)

40
Q

What other receptor & channels are involved in Sour - sensing Taste cells?

A
  • Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)
  • HCN (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation)
41
Q

What type of Channels are expressed by slat -sensing taste cells?

A

Amiloride-sensitive sodium channels. Triggered by NaCl

42
Q

What is the main receptor in Salt- sensing taste cells?

A

Epithelial Sodium channel ( ENaC)

43
Q

Which taste cells act via G protein gustducin
& via cyclic nucleotides and inositol phosphate metabolism?

A

Sweet taste

44
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Umami is triggered by _________.”

A

Glutamate

45
Q

Taste sensation and gustatory pathway senses from pharynx and epiglottis through which nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

46
Q

Where does Sensory neurons relay in the Tatse sensation and Gustatory pathway ?

A

Neurons relay through the medulla ( Solitary nucleus ) and thalamus (ventral posterior medial nu.)

Terminal : Broadman area 43

47
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ All taste fibres synapse in the _______.”

A

Nuclei of the tractus solitarius

48
Q

Where is the gustatory cortex located?

A

The taste area in opercula of insula region

49
Q
A

Neuroscience 2.0 (29 decks)

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