Solvents

Question 1

benzene

Answer 1

aplastic anemia and leukemia (AML)

DNA damaging (metabolites covalently bind DNA, RNA, and proteins)

Cigarette smoke is the major source of benzene in the home.

Reactive oxygen species can be derived from benzene.

mycloperoxidase may play a role in bone marrow tox

urine metabolite: t,t-muconic acid

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 2

Toluene

Answer 2

Gasoline, which contains 5% to 7% toluene (w/w), is the largest source of atmospheric emissions and exposure of the general populace.

favorite of solvent abusers,

CNS is the primary target organ of toluene and other alkylbenzenes.

metabolites: hippuric acid, benzoic acid, benyzl alcohol

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 3

chloroform

Answer 3

used primarily in the production of the refrigerant chlorodifluoromethane

hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.

CNS symptoms at subanesthetic concentrations similar to those of alcohol intoxication and can sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines, possibly resulting in cardiac arrhythmias.

metabolite phosgene covalently binds hepatic and renal proteins and lipids,

classified as a probable human carcinogen

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 4

Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (EGME)

Answer 4

testicular toxicity in various species.

metabolized to active intermediates methoxyacetaldehyde and methoxyacetic acid (MAA).

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 5

Methylene chloride

Answer 5

primary route of exposure to this very volatile solvent is inhalation.

slight, reversible changes in the livers of rodents.

kidney injury occasionally in people

dose-dependent increases in carboxyhemoglobin.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 6

trichloroethylene

Answer 6

autoimmune disorders, immune system dysfunction, and potentially a male reproductive toxicant. Cancer remains the dominant issue for TCE.

carcinogenicity of TCE: reactive metabolite(s) of the GSH pathway in kidney tumors in rats and oxidative metabolites in liver and lung tumors in mice.

liver cancer in B6C3F1 mice but not in rats. due to the greater capacity of mice to metabolize TCE to an oxidative metabolite that stimulates peroxisome proliferation.

kidney tumors in male but not female rats. explained by its greater capacity for TCE metabolism via the GSH pathway.

Inhaled TCE is carcinogenic to the mouse lung but not to that of the rat. Oral TCE is not carcinogenic to the lung, probably due to hepatic metabolism that limits the amount of TCE reaching the organ. - nonciliated Clara cell.

associated with mutations in von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene and kidney cancer in humans

sedative properties of the metabolite trichloroethanol (TCOH).

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.