Misc

Question 1

unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay

Answer 1

The unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay measures a cell’s ability to perform global genomic nucleotide excision repair (NER). … At the present time, no other functional assay is available that directly measures the capacity to perform NER on the entire genome without the use of specific antibodies.

Question 2

Ames test

Answer 2

Strains TA100 and TA1535 are able to detect point mutations whereas strains TA98, TA1537, and TA1538 are able to detect frame shift mutations.

Klaassen, Curtis D.. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition (p. 468). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 3

Nutrients in bacterial assays

Answer 3

E. coli - tryptophan

S. typhimurium - histidine

Question 4

body mass index

Answer 4

defined as body weight divided by height squared.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 5

Nanoparticle Agglomerates

Answer 5

include primary particles held together by weak van der Waals forces.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 6

Nanoparticle aggregates

Answer 6

Aggregates include primary particles held by strong chemical bonds.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 7

Differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap

Answer 7

difference between the serum Na ion concentration and the sum of the serum Cl and HCO3 ion concentrations.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 8

The osmol gap

Answer 8

difference between the measured serum osmolality and the serum osmolarity calculated from the clinical chemistry measurements of the serum sodium ion, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations.

The normal osmol gap is <10 mOsm.

elevated osmol gap suggests the presence of an osmotically active substance (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and isopropanol)

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 9

Index of Biological Integrity (IBI)

Answer 9

a synthesis of diverse biological information which numerically depicts associations between human influence and biological attributes

Question 10

Morpholinos

Answer 10

nucleotide analogs that recognize and bind short sequences (about 25 nucleotides) at the transcription start site or at splice sites of pre-mRNAs, and thus block the translation or proper splicing of the mRNA

Question 11

Environmental biomarkers

Answer 11

vitellogenin for estrogen receptor activation.

CYP1As and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), levels in liver for Aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Question 12

clearance of nicotine from cigarette smoking

Answer 12

Although nicotine can be N-oxygenated by FMO, dehydrogenation by CYP2A6 is responsible for 80% of the clearance of nicotine from cigarette smoking

Klaassen, Curtis D.. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition (p. 287). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 13

FAD-containing monooxygenases

Answer 13

The liver, kidney, intestine, brain, and lung (among other tissues) contain one or more FAD-containing monooxygenases (FMO) that oxidize soft nucleophilic nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, phosphorus, and rarely—iodine, carbon, and boron—atoms of xenobiotics

Klaassen, Curtis D.. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition (p. 263). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.