Ocular

Question 1

naphthalene

Answer 1

cataracts and retinal degeneration

metabolite (dihydrodiol naphthalene) related to aldose reductase

pigmented rats show faster onset than albino rats (metabolite binds to melanin)

Question 2

n-Hexane

Answer 2

color (blue-yellow) vision loss; lens opacification

due to metabolite 2, 5-hexanedione

macular degeneration

Question 3

corticosteroids

Answer 3

opacities; cataracts

Question 4

methanol

Answer 4

formic acid

permanent blindness

Question 5

Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine

Answer 5

bull’s eye retina

Question 6

Draize test

Answer 6

The cornea, iris, and conjunctiva are evaluated and scored according to a weighted scale.

poor predictive value for human irritants,

Both eyes are evaluated at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment. If there is evidence of damage in the treated eye at 72 hours, the examination time may be extended.

the cornea accounts for 73% of the total possible points,

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 7

Sidenafil (Viagra)

Answer 7

PDE5 inhibitor

blurry vision; bluish vision

Question 8

lead - eye

Answer 8

retinal effects

decreased visual cortex

reduced contrast sensitivity

amblyopia, scotoma, optic atrophy

Question 9

methyl mercury

Answer 9

fish contamination; grain contamination

CNS/PNS effects

narrowing of visual field; scotopic (dark adaptation) deficits

destruction of cortical and glial cells; white matter spared

Question 10

Cardiac glycosides

Answer 10

digitalis, digoxin, ouabain

color impairment, blurred vision, halos

affects cones more than rods

binding at Na-K-ATPase channel

Question 11

carbon disulfide

Answer 11

PNS/CNS tox; optic nerve

reaction with protein sulfhydryl groups

macular degeneration

Question 12

phenothiazines (chlropromazine)

Answer 12

phenothiazine-melanin photosensitive conjugate

pigmented deposits in eye

Question 13

ethambutol

Answer 13

blue-yellow, red-green color disruption (dyschromatopsia)

reduced visual acuity and contrast sensitivity

optic neuropathy - increased sensitivity to glutamate
atrophy of central nerve
peripheral optic nerve degeneration

Question 14

acrylamide

Answer 14

distal axonapathy of peripheral nerves - long nerves

optic nerve middle diameter retinal ganglion cell affected; larger diameter spared

Question 15

anticholinergic drugs - eye

Answer 15

acute angle closure glaucoma