Plants/Animals

Question 1

Capsaicin

Answer 1

found in C. annuum (sweet pepper) and C. frutescens (red pepper) causes a burning sensation on vanilloid-type (VR1) sensory receptors.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 2

Anabasine

Answer 2

an isomer of nicotine, is present in Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco, Solanaceae) and produces prolonged depolarization of the junction after a period of excessive stimulation.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 3

anatoxin A

Answer 3

Anabaena flosaquae, a species of alga, can produce under the right conditions a neurotoxin anatoxin A that, when ingested by animals that drink pond water with the alga present, depolarizes and blocks the animal’s nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (agonist),

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 4

muscimol

Answer 4

The fungi Amanita muscaria (fly agaric, Figure 26–5) and Amanita pantherian (panther agaric) produce the excitatory amino acid ibotenic acid and its derivative muscimol that is neurotoxic causing central nervous system depression, ataxia, hysteria, and hallucinations.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 5

cicutoxin

Answer 5

Cicuta maculata (water hemlock) produce neurotoxic cicutoxin (a C17-polyacetylene). Consumption of a single tuber can result in fatal poisoning, characterized by tonic–clonic convulsions, owing to the cicutoxin binding to GABA-gated chloride channels (antagonist).

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 6

black widow

Answer 6

latrotoxins stimulate massive release of neurotransmitters after binding to specific neuronal receptors.

α-Latrotoxin depolarizing neurons by increasing intracellular [Ca2+] and by stimulating exocytosis of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Question 7

brown recluse

Answer 7

Loxosceles spiders

phospholipase, protease, esterase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, dipeptides, dermonecrosis factors, and sphingomyelinase D.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.