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ABT Exam - Mine > Pesticides > Flashcards

Pesticides Flashcards

1
Q 
Organochlorine insecticides (caged structures)
NAMES
A

mirex

chlordecone (Kepone)

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2
Q

Organophosphorous insecticides

A

chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban), acephate, malathion, dichlorvos

toxicity occurs at the synapse
inhibition of AChE
SLUGEM/SLUG/SLUD

atropine -> ACh receptor antagonist
2-PAM -> regenerates AChE

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3
Q

Type II pyrethroids

A

CS sydrome

Salivation, tremors progress to choreoathetosis, clonic seizures

prolong Na channel openings longer -> depolarization block

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4
Q

Captan and folpet

A

broad-spectrum protectant fungicides; together with captafol, they are called chloroalkylthio fungicides,

potent eye irritants, but only mild skin irritants.

induce the development of duodenal tumors in mice,

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

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5
Q

Organophosphorous insecticides

NAMES

A

chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban)
acephate
malathion
dichlorvos

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6
Q 
Organochlorine insecticides (Chlorinated ethane derivatives)
NAMES
A

DDT

methoxychlor

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7
Q

Organochlorine insecticides (caged structures)

A

mirex, chlordecone (Kepone)

tremors (not seizures); hepatosplenomegaly; repro tox

Kepone (kepone shakes)

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8
Q

Green tobacco sickness

A

dermal absorption of nicotine from leaves

Activates nAChR -> nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, rapid heart rate

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9
Q

Rotenone (rotenoids)

A

from roots of tropical leguminous plants in Asia and C and S America

Animal model for Parkinson’s (selective nigrostriatal degeneration)

inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain (Complex 1) - by blocking electron transport at NADH–ubiquinone reductase

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

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10
Q

α-naphthylthiourea (ANTU)

A

lethal yet tasteless to rodents, while being of low toxicity to humans

main target of toxicity is the lung, where ANTU causes marked edema of the subepithelial spaces of the alveolar walls mediated by an inflammatory response.

Klaassen, Curtis D.. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition (p. 1093). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

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11
Q

Type I pyrethroids

A

T syndrome (tremors)

arousal, aggression, exaggerated sensitivity to stimuli

prolong Na channel openings -> repetitive firing

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12
Q

dithiocarbamates

A

fungicide

most are associated with metal moieties

chronic exposure is associated with adverse effects metabolized to a common metabolite, ethylenethiourea, that is responsible for the effects of dithiocarbamates on the thyroid, which include hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells that progress to adenomas and carcinomas.

nomenclature of many of these compounds arises from the metal cations with which they are associated; thus, there are maneb (Mn), ziram and zineb (Zn), mancozeb (Mn and Zn), and ferbam (Fe). Thiram is an example of dithiocarbamate without a metal moiety

resembles that of disulfiram, a compound used therapeutically to produce intolerance to alcohol,

Klaassen, Curtis D.. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition (p. 1090). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

Klaassen, Curtis D.; Watkins, John B.. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, Third Edition (Lange) . McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

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13
Q

Organochlorine insecticides (Chlorinated ethane derivatives)

A

DDT, methoxychlor
sodium channel activators

poorly absorbed through skin

acute oral tox -> tremors, convulsions, seizures, hyperactivity, hyper-susceptibility to stimuli; death due to respiratory failure

chronic tox -> hepatocellular hypertrophy, CYP induction, liver cancer (rat); stored in adipose tissue; endocrine active; possible association with testicular cancer

estrogenic effects

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14
Q

Pyrethroids

A

synthetic pyrethrins

very potent and not stable in environment

low mammalian tox

poisoning manifests as hypersensivity, tremor, seizures

activate voltage gated sodium channels (Types 1 and 2)
Type II pyrethroids also bind to and inhibit GABAa-gated chloride channels

do not require bioactivation

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15
Q

Carbamate Ester Insecticides

NAMES

A

aldicarb (Temik)

carbaryl (Sevin)

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16
Q

Chlorphenoxys

A

systemic herbicide (2,4-D; 2,4,5-T)

acute tox -> vomiting, burning of mouth, abdominal pain, hypotension, myotonia, CNS effects, coma

dioxin contamination - Linked to soft tissue sarcomas and lymphomas; Parkinson’s; cancer in pets

Tx: bicarbonate to alkalinize urine, which reduces nonionized fraction and decreases reabsorption

Mx: cell membrane damage, interference with metabolism involving acetyl CoA, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation

17
Q

dinitroorthocresol

A

DNOC

uncouples cellular oxidative phosphorylation

fever

18
Q

Carbamate Ester Insecticides

A

Aldicarb (Temik) and carbaryl (Sevin)

don’t require metabolic activation

acute intoxication similar to OPs, but resolve in hours
Tx: atropine, no 2-PAM

transient and reversible interaction with AChE

19
Q

Sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080)

A

control mammalian pests

similar to acetate -> combines with CoA to form fluoracetyl CoA which can substitute for acetyl CoA and reacts with citrate synthase to produce fluorocitrate -> a metabolite binds tightly to aconitase, halting the TCA cycle

20
Q

Red Squill

A

affect the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and cause emesis; the inability of rodents to vomit explains the rather selective action in these species

Klaassen, Curtis D.. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition (p. 1093). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

21
Q

Neonicotinoid insecticides

A

nicotine and other nAChR agonists

exploit differences btwn insect and human nAChR

22
Q 
Organochlorine insecticides (cyclodienes) 
NAMES
A 
chlordane
heptachlor
aldrin
dieldrin
toxaphene
23
Q

Organochlorine insecticides (cyclodienes)

A

chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, toxaphene

inhibit chloride channels

high acute mammalian tox
well absorbed through skin
seizures; no tremors

24
Q

Thallium Sulfate

A

Because of its very high acute toxicity (LD50 in humans = 8–15 mg/kg), the use of thallium sulfate as a rodenticide has been banned in the United States in 1972,

Thallium is a mitochondrial poison and has a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups. Main effects of thallium poisoning are peripheral neuropathy, toxic encephalopathy, and alopecia

Klaassen, Curtis D.. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th Edition (p. 1093). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.

25
Q

Bipyridyl derivatives

A

paraquat and diquat

paraquat is lung toxicant regardless of route of exposure

accumulates in type I and II epithelial cells and club cells

Mx: production of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals -> lipid peroxidation and cell death; depletion of NADPH; mitochondrial damage

26
Q

Organochlorine insecticides (hexachlorocyclohexanes)

A

lindane

seizures, liver and kidney damage, skin sensitization
neutropenia

readily absorbed through skin

27
Q

Diamides

A

ryanodine (Ca channel receptor) agonists

-> activate ryanodine receptors in insect muscle -> depletion of calcium -> paralysis and death

28
Q

2,4-D

A

2,4-D is not Agent Orange. Agent Orange was a mixture of two different herbicides: 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (as well as kerosene and diesel fuel). 2,4,5-T contained high levels of dioxin

can be safely used

broad-leaved plants

29
Q

elemental sulfur

A

dermatitis

ABT Exam - Mine (29 decks)

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