Socrative Unit 2 + other questions Flashcards
(only includes more difficult questions)
True or false: Tight junctions function primarily to prevent cells from pulling apart.
False; it’s to keep stuff from getting in
The type of secretion where the entire cell dies and the cell fragments are mixed with the produced cellular substance is called a ____ secretion.
holocrine
A second degree or “partial thickness burn” is when:
a burn is through the epidermis and part of the dermis.
True or false: Fibrosis repairs a tissue and restores the original cells and function of the tissue.
False; Fibrosis replaces damaged tissue mainly with collagen. This does not restore the original function.
This tissue is found lining the kidney tubules and functions in absorption and excretion.
simple cuboidal epithelium
What tissue comprises tendons and ligaments?
dense regular connective tissue
True or false: Hyperplasia is the term for increased cell production in a tissue.
True
True or false: Melanin has the greatest influence on your skin tone, but hemoglobin and carotene also contribute to the final tone.
True
Sudoriferous glands include what types of glands
Apocrine and merocrine
True or false: Merocrine gland secretions are involved in scent communication, not in thermoregulation.
False; that’s apocrine glands. Merocrine glands are involved in thermoregulation.
___________________ is the most common but least dangerous type of skin cancer, and occurs in the cells of the stratum basale.
basal cell carcinoma
True or false: When looking at the layers of the epidermis, everything superficial to the stratum granulosum is dead.
True
Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the _____________ of the skin.
reticular layer of the dermis
Due to the force of muscle contraction and stretching from the loading of blood, heart tissue is under a lot of mechanical stress. Because of this you would not be surprised to learn that cardiac muscle cells are connected by:
desmosomes
The growth of bones in length is the result of ____ ossification.
endochondral
If you want to lower blood calcium, which hormone(s) will be released?
Calcitonin
Because of the action of osteoblasts, which way will calcium ion concentration travel?
from blood to bone
To lower blood calcium, which action might a hormone do?
inhibit osteoclast activity
True or false: bones of the fingers are an example of long bones
True
True or false: Red bone marrow is found in all bones of the adult skeleton.
False; primarily found in the axial skeleton
The hardness of bone is thanks to the presence of:
hydroxyapatite and other minerals
The most common bone disease/disorder is:
Osteoporosis
The uniquely shaped ends of long bones are called the:
epiphyses
True or false: The femur of a 5 year old child will have epiphyseal lines.
False; a young child would still have growth plates present.
Give an example of a sesamoid bone
Patella
The pancreas is located below/behind the stomach. What abdominal quadrant would it mostly belong in?
left upper
The pancreas belongs to two different organ systems. It produces important enzymes for breakdown of food, and it produces hormones to regulate our blood glucose. These functions would place it in which two systems?
digestive and endocrine
True or false: An epithelial tissue that has multiple layers of cells is more likely to be found in an area where rapid diffusion takes place.
False
Where would you find transitional epithelium?
Urinary bladder
Which type of tissue is found on the ends of bones in most movable joints?
hyaline cartilage
Which type of tissue lines the trachea and bronchi and has cilia and goblet cells?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments?
Dense regular connective tissue
What type of tissue is found in the epidermis?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Which type of receptor is found in the lower part of the dermis and detects deep touch/pressure and vibration?
lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
stratum basale
Which layer of the epidermis is composed of the preserved membranes of dead cells?
Stratum corneum
What is the difference between thick and thin skin?
The presence of a stratum lucidum
Microvilli are folds of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell/tissue. Which tissue has microvilli, and where is it found?
simple columnar, digestive tract
Which tissue type has loosely scattered cells and more prominent extracellular matrix?
Connective
If you injure a disk in your back, what kind of cartilage has been damaged?
Fibrocartilage
In our chapter 7 notes we introduced the idea of feedback loops. Feedback loops enable the body to recognize a change, make a decision about the change, and enact responses. Let’s practice recognizing the components of a feedback loop.
The healthy pH range of the blood is 7.35-7.45. When you engage in strenuous exercise, muscles remove oxygen from the blood for energy processes, which lowers the blood oxygen level. At the same time, carbon dioxide blood levels climb, which lowers the blood pH. Chemical sensors in blood vessels detect these changes and send feedback to the brainstem. The brain responds by sending a signal to the muscles of respiration for increasing the rate and depth of breathing, which increases the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. As carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the pH rises again. In this example of a feedback loop, the effector and stimulus would be:
Effector: the muscles of respiration
Stimulus: blood pH and CO2 levels
Which of the following is important to the healing of fractures and bone growth?
a) Inner layer of periosteum
b) Outer layer of periosteum
c) Epiphysis
d) Endosteum
a) Inner layer of periosteum
What is best described as a thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity that contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Endosteum
What is best described as the enlarged ends of long bone?
Epiphysis
What is the name for the spongy middle layer of flat bone that absorbs shock?
Diploë
True or false: the marrow spaces of both long and flat bones are lined with endosteum
True
True or false: the epiphyseal line has cartilage
False; when an epiphyseal plate runs out of cartilage, it becomes an epiphyseal line
What bone disorder is characterized by a failure of cartilage growth in the metaphysis of long bones? What do people with this disorder look like?
Achondroplastic dwarfism; people with this disorder typically have a normal torso with short limbs.
What bone growth disorder is characterized by small stature and normal proportions?
Pituitary dwarfism
What type of growth is described as continual growth in diameter and thickness?
Appositional growth
Describe areolar tissue and where it’s found
- All 3 fibers/ 6 total cell types are found; loosely organized; abundant blood vessels; lots of empty space.
- Mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular also present
- Makes up most of papillary layer of dermis.
- Wraps & cushions organs: underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
- Fibers run in random directions
- A type of loose fibrous connective tissue found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body
- Surrounds blood vessels and nerves
- Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue
- Blood vessels provide nutrition to epithelium and waste removal
- Ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes that move about freely in areolar tissue
Describe reticular tissue and where it’s found
- A type of loose fibrous connective tissue that’s a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
- Forms supportive framework for lymphatic organs
- Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
Describe dense regular connective tissue and where it’s found
- Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
- Found in tendons and ligaments
Describe dense irregular connective tissue and where it’s found
Dense, randomly arranged, collagen fibers
Withstands unpredictable stresses
Locations: reticular (lower) layer of the dermis; organ capsules
What layer of the dermis is closest to the hypodermis?
The reticular layer
Describe adipose tissue and where it’s found
- The space between adipocytes is filled by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries.
- Makes up much of the hypodermis
- The quantity of stored triglyceride and the number of adipocytes are quite stable in a person.
- Fat is recycled continuously; new triglycerides synthesized while old molecules hydrolyzed and released to blood
- Functions: Energy storage, insulation, cushioning
- Fat is the body’s primary form of energy storage.
