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Anatomy and Physiology I > Socrative Unit 2 + other questions > Flashcards

Socrative Unit 2 + other questions Flashcards

(only includes more difficult questions)

1
Q

True or false: Tight junctions function primarily to prevent cells from pulling apart.

A

False; it’s to keep stuff from getting in

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2
Q

The type of secretion where the entire cell dies and the cell fragments are mixed with the produced cellular substance is called a ____ secretion.

A

holocrine

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3
Q

A second degree or “partial thickness burn” is when:

A

a burn is through the epidermis and part of the dermis.

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4
Q

True or false: Fibrosis repairs a tissue and restores the original cells and function of the tissue.

A

False; Fibrosis replaces damaged tissue mainly with collagen. This does not restore the original function.

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5
Q

This tissue is found lining the kidney tubules and functions in absorption and excretion.

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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6
Q

What tissue comprises tendons and ligaments?

A

dense regular connective tissue

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7
Q

True or false: Hyperplasia is the term for increased cell production in a tissue.

A

True

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8
Q

True or false: Melanin has the greatest influence on your skin tone, but hemoglobin and carotene also contribute to the final tone.

A

True

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9
Q

Sudoriferous glands include what types of glands

A

Apocrine and merocrine

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10
Q

True or false: Merocrine gland secretions are involved in scent communication, not in thermoregulation.

A

False; that’s apocrine glands. Merocrine glands are involved in thermoregulation.

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11
Q

___________________ is the most common but least dangerous type of skin cancer, and occurs in the cells of the stratum basale.

A

basal cell carcinoma

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12
Q

True or false: When looking at the layers of the epidermis, everything superficial to the stratum granulosum is dead.

A

True

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13
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the _____________ of the skin.

A

reticular layer of the dermis

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14
Q

Due to the force of muscle contraction and stretching from the loading of blood, heart tissue is under a lot of mechanical stress. Because of this you would not be surprised to learn that cardiac muscle cells are connected by:

A

desmosomes

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15
Q

The growth of bones in length is the result of ____ ossification.

A

endochondral

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16
Q

If you want to lower blood calcium, which hormone(s) will be released?

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

Because of the action of osteoblasts, which way will calcium ion concentration travel?

A

from blood to bone

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18
Q

To lower blood calcium, which action might a hormone do?

A

inhibit osteoclast activity

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19
Q

True or false: bones of the fingers are an example of long bones

A

True

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20
Q

True or false: Red bone marrow is found in all bones of the adult skeleton.

A

False; primarily found in the axial skeleton

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21
Q

The hardness of bone is thanks to the presence of:

A

hydroxyapatite and other minerals

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22
Q

The most common bone disease/disorder is:

A

Osteoporosis

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23
Q

The uniquely shaped ends of long bones are called the:

A

epiphyses

24
Q

True or false: The femur of a 5 year old child will have epiphyseal lines.

A

False; a young child would still have growth plates present.

25
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

Patella

26
Q

The pancreas is located below/behind the stomach. What abdominal quadrant would it mostly belong in?

A

left upper

27
Q

The pancreas belongs to two different organ systems. It produces important enzymes for breakdown of food, and it produces hormones to regulate our blood glucose. These functions would place it in which two systems?

A

digestive and endocrine

28
Q

True or false: An epithelial tissue that has multiple layers of cells is more likely to be found in an area where rapid diffusion takes place.

A

False

29
Q

Where would you find transitional epithelium?

A

Urinary bladder

30
Q

Which type of tissue is found on the ends of bones in most movable joints?

A

hyaline cartilage

31
Q

Which type of tissue lines the trachea and bronchi and has cilia and goblet cells?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

32
Q

What is the tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

33
Q

What type of tissue is found in the epidermis?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

34
Q

Which type of receptor is found in the lower part of the dermis and detects deep touch/pressure and vibration?

A

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

35
Q

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale

36
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is composed of the preserved membranes of dead cells?

A

Stratum corneum

37
Q

What is the difference between thick and thin skin?

A

The presence of a stratum lucidum

38
Q

Microvilli are folds of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell/tissue. Which tissue has microvilli, and where is it found?

A

simple columnar, digestive tract

39
Q

Which tissue type has loosely scattered cells and more prominent extracellular matrix?

A

Connective

40
Q

If you injure a disk in your back, what kind of cartilage has been damaged?

A

Fibrocartilage

41
Q

In our chapter 7 notes we introduced the idea of feedback loops. Feedback loops enable the body to recognize a change, make a decision about the change, and enact responses. Let’s practice recognizing the components of a feedback loop.

The healthy pH range of the blood is 7.35-7.45. When you engage in strenuous exercise, muscles remove oxygen from the blood for energy processes, which lowers the blood oxygen level. At the same time, carbon dioxide blood levels climb, which lowers the blood pH. Chemical sensors in blood vessels detect these changes and send feedback to the brainstem. The brain responds by sending a signal to the muscles of respiration for increasing the rate and depth of breathing, which increases the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. As carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the pH rises again. In this example of a feedback loop, the effector and stimulus would be:

A

Effector: the muscles of respiration
Stimulus: blood pH and CO2 levels

42
Q

Which of the following is important to the healing of fractures and bone growth?

a) Inner layer of periosteum
b) Outer layer of periosteum
c) Epiphysis
d) Endosteum

A

a) Inner layer of periosteum

43
Q

What is best described as a thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity that contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A

Endosteum

44
Q

What is best described as the enlarged ends of long bone?

A

Epiphysis

45
Q

What is the name for the spongy middle layer of flat bone that absorbs shock?

A

Diploë

46
Q

True or false: the marrow spaces of both long and flat bones are lined with endosteum

A

True

47
Q

True or false: the epiphyseal line has cartilage

A

False; when an epiphyseal plate runs out of cartilage, it becomes an epiphyseal line

48
Q

What bone disorder is characterized by a failure of cartilage growth in the metaphysis of long bones? What do people with this disorder look like?

A

Achondroplastic dwarfism; people with this disorder typically have a normal torso with short limbs.

49
Q

What bone growth disorder is characterized by small stature and normal proportions?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

50
Q

What type of growth is described as continual growth in diameter and thickness?

A

Appositional growth

51
Q

Describe areolar tissue and where it’s found

A
  • All 3 fibers/ 6 total cell types are found; loosely organized; abundant blood vessels; lots of empty space.
  • Mostly collagenous, but elastic and reticular also present
  • Makes up most of papillary layer of dermis.
  • Wraps & cushions organs: underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
  • Fibers run in random directions
  • A type of loose fibrous connective tissue found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body
  • Surrounds blood vessels and nerves
  • Nearly every epithelium rests on a layer of areolar tissue
  • Blood vessels provide nutrition to epithelium and waste removal
  • Ready supply of infection-fighting leukocytes that move about freely in areolar tissue
52
Q

Describe reticular tissue and where it’s found

A
  • A type of loose fibrous connective tissue that’s a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
  • Forms supportive framework for lymphatic organs
  • Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
53
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue and where it’s found

A
  • Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers

- Found in tendons and ligaments

54
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue and where it’s found

A

Dense, randomly arranged, collagen fibers
Withstands unpredictable stresses
Locations: reticular (lower) layer of the dermis; organ capsules

55
Q

What layer of the dermis is closest to the hypodermis?

A

The reticular layer

56
Q

Describe adipose tissue and where it’s found

A
  • The space between adipocytes is filled by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries.
  • Makes up much of the hypodermis
  • The quantity of stored triglyceride and the number of adipocytes are quite stable in a person.
  • Fat is recycled continuously; new triglycerides synthesized while old molecules hydrolyzed and released to blood
  • Functions: Energy storage, insulation, cushioning
  • Fat is the body’s primary form of energy storage.

Anatomy and Physiology I (39 decks)

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