Smartbooks Chapter 2 Flashcards
The six most abundant elements in the human body are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and _____
nitrogen
_______ electrons are the electrons found in the outermost shell of the electron cloud.
Valence
Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons are known as _____
isotopes
A cation has a net _____ charge.
positive
What is the term for an ion with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)? Cation Isotope Electron Anion
Anion
Choose the six most abundant (by weight) elements that account for 98.5% of the body weight.
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and nitrogen
What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared?
Polar
If an atom has 2 electrons in its innermost shell and 3 electrons in its outmost shell, how many valence electrons does it have?
3
Salt on a watermelon is an example of a ______.
mixture
Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. What is different about them?
They have a different number of neutrons
What term can be used to describe any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water?
Hydrophobic
What type of ion has lost an electron and, consequently, has a net positive charge?
Cation
Which term refers to polar molecules that dissolve in water?
Hydrophilic
The chlorine atom gains electrons to become a chloride ______.
anion
Saltwater is a solution of NaCl dissolved in water. In this example, NaCl is the solute and water is the ____
solvent
In a carbon dioxide molecule, electrons are shared equally among the atoms. What type of bond do they form?
Nonpolar covalent
In a solution, the solute can be a ______.
gas, solid, or liquid
A(n) ______ consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound.
mixture
The abbreviation _____ is a measurement of acidity derived from the concentration of H+.
pH
Name a hydrophobic substance
Fats
Solution A prevents solution C from changing its pH. Solution A is therefore a what?
Buffer
Hydrophilic substances are soluble in ____
water
Energy contained in an object due to its position or state is referred to as what type of energy?
Potential
In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what?
Solvent
The energy of motion is what type of energy?
Kinetic
The particles of matter that are dissolved in a solution are known as what?
Solute
Which of the following best describes what occurs in a decomposition reaction?
A molecule is broken down into smaller parts.
pH is a measurement of the concentration of what?
Hydrogen ions
Two amino acids are brought together to form a dipeptide. Which type of reaction is this?
Synthesis
Substances that resist changes in pH are known as _____
buffers
True or false: Some catalysts speed up reactions, while other catalysts slow down reactions.
False
Which term refers to energy in a system that is not being used to do work?
Potential energy
The term ______ refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.
metabolism
______ energy is energy that is actively doing work.
Kinetic