Labs 9-11 Flashcards
List the layers of the meninges in order from most superficial to most deep
1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater
The empty space between the pia and arachnoid mater is called what?
The subarachnoid space
What is the function of the subarachnoid space?
To circulate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
Name the 4 plexuses and where they’re located
1) Cervical: C1-5
2) Brachial: C5-T1
3) Lumbar: L1-4
4) Sacral: L4-S4
What nerve is a part of the cervical plexus?
Phrenic nerve
What 4 nerves are a part of the brachial plexus?
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
What 2 nerves are a part of the lumbar plexus?
Femoral and obturator
What 2 nerves are a part of the sacral plexus?
Sciatic and pudenal
What muscle does the phrenic nerve act on, and what does that muscle do?
The diaphragm, the contraction of which causes inhalation
What 2 muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve, and what do they do?
1) Deltoid: abduction of the arm
2) Teres minor: rotates the humerus laterally
What nerve is known to be very short?
The axillary nerve
What nerve is located on the posterior arm?
The radial nerve
What nerve is located on the middle of the forearm?
Median nerve
What 5 muscles are innervated by the radial nerve, and what do they do?
1) Triceps brachii: extension of the forearm
2-5) Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis lungs, extensor carpi ulnaris, and extensor digitorum: extension of the wrist
What 4 muscles are innervated by the median nerve, and what do they do? (hint: one muscle serves 2 functions)
1-3) Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor digitorum: flexion of the wrist
3) Flexor digitorum: flexion of the fingers
4) Pronator teres: pronation
What muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve, and what does it do?
Flexor carpi ulnaris: flexion of the wrist
What 5 muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve, and what do they do? (hint: one muscle has 2 functions)
1-4) Vastus lateralis, vastus medius, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris: extension of the knee
4) Rectus femoris: flexion of the hip
5) Sartorius: flexus, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip
What 3 muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve, and what is their function?
Gracilis, adductor longus, and adductor magnus: adduction of the hip
What nerve travels the anterior thigh?
Femoral nerve
What nerve innervates only adductors?
Obturator nerve
What nerve travels down the posterior thigh?
Sciatic nerve
What nerve is best described as short and located in the pelvis?
Pudenal nerve
What 3 muscles are innervated by the sciatic nerve, and what are their functions?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus: extension of the hip and flexion of the knee
What 2 muscles are innervated by the pudenal nerve, and what do they do?
1) External urethral sphincter: voluntary control of urination
2) External anal sphincter: voluntary control of defecation
What plexuses innervate the torso and above?
Cervical and brachial
What is the basic function of the frontal lobe?
Skeletal muscle (somatic) motor control
What are the basic functions of the occipital lobe?
Visual cortex and association area
What are the basic functions oft he temporal lobe?
Auditory and olfactory
What is the basic function of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory
What is the basic function of the insula lobe? (deep to temporal and parietal lobes)
Gustation
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
What is located just anterior to the central sulcus?
The primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe
What is located just posterior to the central sulcus?
The primary somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe
What do the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes make up?
The cerebrum
What connects the two cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate?
The corpus callosum
The outer layer of the cerebrum where most of the gray matter is located is called the ___________ _________
cerebral cortex
Define the thalamus and its basic function
Two hemispheres of gray matter connected by an intermediate mass
Function: “gateway to the cerebral cortex”; relay center
The fluid-filled space between the two halves of the thalamus is called the _________ ________
third ventricle
Define the hypothalamus and describe its basic function
Connects to pituitary gland by the infundibulum
Function: autonomic control center (includes the thirst, hunger, and satiety centers and temperature regulator)
What are the 4 regions of the diencephalon?
1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Pineal gland
4) Optic chiasma
Define the pineal gland and describe its basic function
Small pine-cone shaped ball of tissue located superior and caudal to the thalamus
Function: secretes melatonin
Define the optic chiasma
Found in front of the pituitary gland; looks like an X (where cranial nerve ii, the optic nerve, crosses)
The surface of the cerebrum is called the _____. The tops of the bumps are called ______ and the ridges are called _____.
cortex. gyri; sulci
The ______ fissure separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
longitudinal
What is the cerebellum and what are its functions?
A tree-like shape of white matter called arbor vitae surrounded by gray matter called the cerebellar cortex.
Functions: helps with coordination and time perception; helps with stored movements (ex: hitting a golf ball for the 10000th time)
What are the 3 regions of the brain stem?
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Define the pons
Looks like the “adams apple” of the brainstem
What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?
It’s the control center that includes the respiratory and cardiovascular centers, which control breathing and heart rate/ blood pressure.
What is the acronym to help remember the order of the cranial nerves?
Oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly
What is the acronym to help remember whether the cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both?
Some say money matters but my brother says big brains matter more
List the cranial nerves in order from 1 to 12
1) Olfactory nerve
2) Optic nerve
3) Oculomotor nerve
4) Trochlear nerve
5) Trigeminal nerve
6) Abducens nerve
7) Facial nerve
8) Vestibulocochlear nerve
9) Glossopharyngeal nerve
10) Vagus nerve
11) Accessory (spinal) nerve
12) Hypoglossal nerve
Name the function of the olfactory nerve and where it travels through
Function: smell (sensory only)
Goes through: olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Name the function of the optic nerve and where it travels through
Function: vision (sensory only)
Goes through: optic canal of the sphenoid bone
Name the function of the oculomotor nerve, what it travels through, and what muscles it innervates
Function: movement of the eyeball
Goes through: superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone.
Controls: superior rectus, interior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique
Name the function of the trochlear nerve, what it travels through, and what muscles it innervates
Function: movement of the eyeball
Travels through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
Controls: superior oblique muscle
Name the function of the trigeminal nerve and name the muscles it innervates
Functions: sensations of the face; chewing
Controls: masseter and temporalis
Name the function of the abducens nerve, what it travels through, and what muscles it innervates
Function: movement of the eyeball laterally
Goes through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
Controls: lateral rectus muscle of the eye
Name the function of the facial nerve and what muscles it innervates
Function: facial expression; taste
Muscles: all of the muscles of facial expression
Name the functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Equilibrium and hearing
Name the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Taste; movement of the pharynx during swallowing and speech, and secretion of saliva
Name the functions of the vagus nerve
Taste; swallowing, coughing, and parasympathetic stimulation [of the heart and digestive tract]
Name the functions of the accessory (spinal) nerve and what muscles it innervates
Functions: swallowing, movement of the head and shoulders
Controls: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Name the functions of the hypoglossal nerve and name the muscles it innervates
Functions: movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing.
Controls: genioglossus muscle
Name the nerves that travel through the superior orbital fissure
Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves
What are the white and gray matter parts of the cerebellum called?
White: arbor vitae
Gray: cerebellar cortex
Blood enters through the _____ _______ of the brain’s ventricles and is turned into CSF
choroid plexuses
Where is CSF reabsorbed back into blood?
The arachnoid villi of the subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord
Name the 4 ventricles of the brain
1) Left lateral ventricle
2) Right lateral ventricle
3) Third ventricle
4) Fourth ventricle
Describe the cones of the eye
Color vision, work in bright light, give detail
Describe the rods of the eye
Night vision, work in dim light
The _____ of the eye is clear, whereas the ______ of the eye is white.
cornea; sclera
List the 3 tunics of the eye from superficial to deep
Fibrous, vascular, and neural tunics
What two things make up the fibrous tunic?
The sclera and cornea
What 4 things make up the vascular tunic?
The choroid, ciliary body, anterior segment with aqueous humor, and the iris
What 5 things make up the neural tunic?
Retina, ora serrata, macula lutea, fovea centralis, and optic disc
The dark part of the vascular tunic is called the _______.
choroid
What part of the eye contracts when you look at something close to your face?
The ciliary body
What does the ciliary body do?
Contracts when you look at something close to you
The _______ humor is in the front of the eye, and the _________ humor is in the back
aqueous; vitreous
What is the dark spot on the retina called?
The fovea
What is the dark ring around the fovea called?
Macula
What 3 cranial nerves control eye movement?
Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
What muscles do the oculomotor nerve control?
Superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique
What muscle does the trochlear nerve control?
Superior oblique
What muscle does the abducens nerve control?
Lateral rectus
What eye muscles extend laterally instead of inferiorly?
Superior and inferior oblique
The outer cartilaginous part of the ear is called the _______ or ________
auricle or pinna
What three things make up the outer ear?
Auricle/pinna, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane
What does the external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) do?
Has hairs and ceruminous glands that make ear wax
What does the tympanic membrane do?
Vibrates from sound waves
What is the tympanic membrane also called?
Ear drum
What are the 4 parts of the middle ear?
Malleus, incus, stapes, and eustachian tube
What makes up the auditory ossicles?
Malleus, incus, and stapes
Describe the eustachian (auditory) tubes
- Held closed by cartilage
- Goes to pharynx
What makes up the inner ear?
3 semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea
What do the 3 semicircular canals do?
Help with dynamic equilibrium
What produces the aqueous humor of the eye?
Ciliary body
What type of muscle makes up the iris?
Smooth
