Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology I > Lab 2 (Ch 2) > Flashcards

Lab 2 (Ch 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Define elements

A

The simplest form of matter with unique properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All elements are made up of what three things?

A

Electrons, protons, and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three main elements covered in this course?

A

carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define atomic number

A

The number of protons in an element; this gives the element its identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define protons

A

A positively charged particle within atoms, the number of which give the atom its elemental identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What two things are located in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

Around the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define an isotope

A

Atoms with a missing or extra neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define a neutron

A

A neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom that gives the element its atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define an electron

A

A small negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The first energy shell is full with _ electrons, the second shell is full/ stable with _ electrons, and the third shell is full/stable with _ electrons.

A

The first energy shell is full with 2 electrons, the second shell is full/ stable with 8 electrons, and the third shell is full/stable with 8 electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ionization occurs because _____

A

atoms want their shells to be stable and full of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define an ion

A

A substance that has a charge from gaining or losing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define cation and anion

A

Cation: positively charged ion
Anion: negatively charged ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define ionic bond

A

A charge attraction between a cation and anion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define valence electrons

A

Electrons in the outermost shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a covalent bond and how is it represented?

A

A bond through shared valence (outer) electrons. Usually represented by a dash or subscript (i.e. H-H or H₂)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Like a ____, water molecules have charged regions

A

battery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of bond is found in water molecules?

A

Polar covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define polar versus nonpolar

A 
Polar = evenly shared electrons
Nonpolar = unevenly shared electrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

Electrons are shared unequally within a covalent bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give an example of an nonpolar molecule

A

O^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the following repel each other and don’t mix?

a) polar and polar bonds
b) polar and nonpolar bonds
c) nonpolar and nonpolar bonds

A

b) polar and nonpolar bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why don’t oil and water mix?

A

Because nonpolar and polar bonds hate each other; lipids found in oil are mostly made of nonpolar covalent bonds, and water has polar covalent bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define hydrogen bonds

A

The weakest type of bond formed because of attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative oxygen (or nitrogen).

27
Q

What is the weakest type of bond?

A

Hydrogen bonds

28
Q

When you put two molecules of water together, they form a hydrogen bond. Why?

A

The polar covalent bonds allow for the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

29
Q

Define cohesion and adhesion

A

Cohesion: Water is attracted to water
Adhesion: Water is attracted to other substances.

30
Q

What mixes in water?

A

Substances similar to water (meaning polar, charged ions).

31
Q

Define a solution in chemistry

A

A mixture of dissolved substances called solutes, and dissolving agents called solvents.

32
Q

What is the most common solvent used in this class? Why?

A

Water, because our bodies are mostly water

33
Q

Define a mixture

A

A combination of two or more elements without a chemical reaction

34
Q

What are the four types of organic molecules?

A

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

35
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?

A 
Monomers = amino acids
Polymers = polypeptides
36
Q

Where did polypeptides get their name?

A

The bond between amino acids is called a peptide bond

37
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

A 
Monomers = monosaccharides 
Polymers = Polysaccharides, starch, glycogen, cellulose
38
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of lipids?

A 
Monomers = for triglycerides: glycerol, 3 fatty acids
Polymers = phospholipids
39
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?

A 
Monomers = Nucleotides 
Polymers = DNA, RNA, ATP
40
Q

Proteins: There are ____ amino acids

A

20

41
Q

Proteins: Side chains (also called the R group) can be _____ or _____.

A

Polar or nonpolar

42
Q

Proteins: What do side chains/ the R group determine?

A

They can be polar or nonpolar, which determines how amino acids interact with each other.

43
Q

Proteins: The sequences of amino acids determine what?

A

How the protein folds, which determines the protein’s function.

44
Q

What are the four structures of proteins?

A

Primary structure = amino acid sequence
Secondary structure = hydrogen bonding between amino acids
Tertiary structure = interactions of side chains
This is what makes each protein really unique.
Quaternary structure = two or more polypeptides

45
Q

In proteins, shape determines ______.

A

function

46
Q

The hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to what part of the other water molecule?

A

The negative part

47
Q

What does it mean when we say that water is polar?

A

It means that water shares its electrons unequally between the oxygen atom and the hydrogen atom, which creates charge regions, which creates a partial charge.

48
Q

The attraction between parts of two different polar molecules is called ______ bonding.

A

hydrogen

49
Q

True or false: Hydrogen bonding usually takes place between two of the same molecule.

A

False; hydrogen bonding usually takes place between two different molecules (usually a molecule with hydrogen + one with oxygen or a molecule with hydrogen + one with nitrogen)

50
Q

The tendency for molecules of water to cling to one another, is that an example of adhesion or cohesion?

A

Cohesion

51
Q

Give an example of why cohesion (water sticking to water) is important to the human body

A

The water on the surfaces of our lungs clings to the water on the surface of our inner chest muscles, which is what allows our lungs to inflate when our chests rise (if the cohesion is lost, lungs can collapse).

52
Q

Why does water bead up on some substances and soak into others?

A

Because some substances, like wax paper (which consists of lipids), have primarily non-polar bonds, which repel oxygen’s polar covalent bonds.

53
Q

Why do we use cotton towels to dry ourselves when we get out of the shower?

A

Because cotton has a polar charge, which allows it to bind to water and dry you

54
Q

Non-polar bonds of a substance (like oil or soap) repelling the polar bonds of water can lead to what?

A

Decreased surface tension

55
Q

Why can insects walk on water?

A

Surface tension

56
Q

Will nonpolar and polar molecules interact?

A

No

57
Q

What happens when you bring two chloride ions together?

A

They repel each other because they are both negatively charged

58
Q

Which of the following would have a higher level of salt: A solution of 15% NaCI or a solution of 30% NaCI?

A

30% NaCI

59
Q

Which of the following would have a higher level of water: A solution of 15% NaCI or a solution of 30% NaCI?

A

15% NaCI

60
Q

In a solution of 15% NaCI, is water the solute or solvent? What about the NaCI?

A

Water is the solvent and NaCl is the solute

61
Q

What four types of molecules mix with water?

A

Polar molecules, hydrophilic molecules, molecules with ionic bonds, and proteins (most contain polar covalent bonds; some are anions)

62
Q

What two types of molecules don’t mix with water?

A

Nonpolar and hydrophobic molecules

63
Q

In the human body, nutrients, including vitamins, are transported to the cells by the blood. Vitamins can be divided into two types– water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins. Since blood is mostly water, the water-soluble vitamins are easily transported to their destinations. How do you think the fat-soluble vitamins travel in the blood?

A

Proteins pick them up and carry them.

Anatomy and Physiology I (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions