Smartbooks Chapters 5-7 Flashcards by Morgan Evans

The tissue found covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, forming the internal and external linings of many organs, and constituting most gland tissue is _____ tissue

epithelial

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Which term is used to describe the free surface of an epithelium?
Apical
Basal
Open
Medullary

Apical

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Which epithelium lines the respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to the bronchi?
Simple cuboidal
Transitional
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar

Pseudostratified columnar

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Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane?
Basal
Apical

Basal

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Which epithelium has tall columnar cells in a single layer interspersed with shorter basal cells and nuclei at varying levels?
Stratified columnar
Stratified squamous
Pseudostratified columnar
Simple cuboidal

Pseudostratified columnar

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What is the function of transitional epithelium?
To allow stretching
To absorb nutrients
To move fluid through tubules
To protect against abrasion

To allow stretching

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Which epithelium forms glandular epithelium and lines the kidney tubules?
Simple cuboidal
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified columnar
Simple squamous

Simple cuboidal

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Which epithelium is best suited for resisting abrasion and preventing pathogen entry into deeper tissues?
Areolar
Dense regular
Stratified squamous
Simple cuboidal

Stratified squamous

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Which are functions of connective tissue in the body? (more than one correct answer)
Absorption
Support and protect organs
Bind organs to one another
Communication

Support and protect organs

Bind organs to one another

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Which cells found in connective tissue engulf foreign particles, activate the immune system, and destroy dead or dying cells?
Adipocytes
Macrophages
Reticulocytes
Chondroblasts
Fibroblasts

Macrophages

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Where would transitional epithelium be found?
Lining the lumen of an artery
Lining the lumen of a kidney tubule
Lining the lumen of the urinary bladder
Lining the lumen of the small intestine

Lining the lumen of the urinary bladder

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While preparing some chicken wings for cooking you observe white fibers connecting the bones and the muscles to bone. What type of fibers are these?
Elastic
Reticular
Collagenous
Myosin

Collagenous

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Stratified \_\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium of the body.
cuboidal
columnar
squamous
transitional

squamous

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Which tissue class supports and binds tissues together?
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular

Connective

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What are the functions of macrophages? (multiple select question)
They engulf foreign particles.
They transport nutrients in the blood and lymph fluid.
They produce fibers and ground substance.
They destroy dead or dying self cells.
They activate the immune system when they encounter antigens.

They engulf foreign particles.
They destroy dead or dying self cells.
They activate the immune system when they encounter antigens.

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What are the three fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue?
Intermediate
Elastic
Reticular
Collagenous
Actin
Myosin

Elastic
Reticular
Collagenous

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____ cartilage is found in the esophagus

hyaline

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Cartilage in the outer ear is ______.
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

elastic cartilage

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The type of connective tissue found beneath the skin, within the breast, and on the surface of the heart is \_\_\_\_\_\_ tissue.
osseous
adipose
dense regular
cartilage

adipose

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The top of the outer ear (where you get helix piercings) is made of ____ cartilage

elastic

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What is another name for the axon of a neuron?
Dendrite
Nerve fiber
Neurosoma
Neuroglia

Nerve fiber

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Which part of a neuron receives incoming signals from other cells?
Fiber
Axon
Dendrite
Neurosoma

Dendrite

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Skin is an example of a(n) _____ membrane.

cutaneous

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The membranes lining the inside surface of the respiratory and digestive tracts are examples of
_______ membranes.

mucous

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Which of the following best describes tight junctions? They consist of transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins around the upper part of a cell and hold neighboring cells together. They consist of the membrane plaques of adjacent cells anchored together; there is a space between cell membranes. They consist of connexons surrounding a channel leading from one cell to its neighbor.

They consist of transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins around the upper part of a cell and hold neighboring cells together.

The abdominal cavity is lined with a ____ membrane.

serous

What are the three main types of body membranes?

Mucous, serous, and cutaneous

The acid ______ is the protective film that gives skin its slight acidity.

mantle

``` Which term refers to the protective film found on skin that is involved in bacterial protection? Fungi colonization Antibiotics Acid microbes Acid mantle ```

Acid mantle

Skin is classified as thick or thin based on the thickness of which layer?

Stratum corneum

What event occurs to preserve heat in the body?

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin

``` Which of the following are functions of the skin? ((Multiple select question.)) Vitamin C synthesis Vitamin D synthesis Sensory reception Thermoregulation ```

Vitamin D synthesis Sensory reception Thermoregulation

Which of the following are features of skin that minimize bacterial and fungal growth during an infection. ((Multiple select question.)) The dryness of the skin inhibits microbial growth. The cells of the skin shed infrequently. The acid mantle inhibits microbial growth. Vitamins secreted through the pores inhibits microbial growth.

The dryness of the skin inhibits microbial growth. | The cells of the skin shed infrequently.

The five types of cells found in the epidermis are:

Stem cells, keratinocytes, tactile cells, dendritic cells, and melanocytes

``` Cells in the epidermis are nourished by blood vessels located in which of the following? Hyperdermis Dermis Subdermis Hypodermis ```

Dermis

Which of the following are located in the dermis? Simple cuboidal epithelium and mast cells Fat and loose connective tissue Melanocytes and Langerhans cells Fibers, glands, blood vessels and nerve endings

Fibers, glands, blood vessels and nerve endings

``` Which term refers to the wavy upward projections at the boundary of the dermis and epidermis? Areolae Striae Dermal papillae Reticular layers ```

Dermal papillae

The deepest layer of the dermis is called the _____ layer.

reticular

Why are injections frequently administered into the hypodermis?

The subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular.

Define dendritic cells

Immune cells that guards against pathogens that penetrate into the skin

Define tactile cells

Sensory receptors for touch

What are the two zones of the dermis?

Papillary and reticular layer

_____ is a word that means "abnormal redness of the skin."

Erythema

``` What usually causes a hematoma? Blows to the skin Exposure to cold temperatures Abrasion from rough surfaces Hot water spills on the skin ```

Blows to the skin

``` Fingernails and toenails are derivatives of which epidermal layer? Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum basale ```

Stratum corneum

Which substance, excreted by the liver, can accumulate to cause jaundice?

Bilirubin

``` Which type of sweat gland has a duct that opens by way of a pore on the skin surface? Sebaceous gland Ceruminous gland Apocrine sweat gland Merocrine sweat gland ```

Merocrine sweat gland

``` Most tumors occur where exposure to the sun is greatest. These areas would include which of the following? Legs, brain, stomach Stomach, head, heart Head, neck, and hands Scalp, arm, knee ```

Head, neck, and hands

``` James has a small shiny lesion that develops a central depression that has not invaded the dermis. A biopsy will most likely show that he has which of the following? Surface melanoma Melanoma Basal cell carcinoma Lymphoma ```

Basal cell carcinoma

The three types of skin cancer can be distinguished from each other by which of the following? Zones of tissue injury and the ability to synthesize melanin Appearance of their lesions and zones of tissue injury Appearance of their lesion and ability to synthesize melanin Degree of redness and number of remaining keratinocytes

Appearance of their lesions and zones of tissue injury

``` Lilly goes to the beach 3 times a week to tan. She develops a lesion on her scalp and ears that later form concave ulcers with raised edges. Lilly most likely has which of the following? Lymphoma Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma ```

Squamous cell carcinoma

The study of bone is called ______

osteology

``` What is the major producer of blood cells? Carbonate salts Red bone marrow Compact bone Calcium cells ```

Red bone marrow

The process in which dense regular connective tissue hardens to form bone is called _____

ossification

Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are examples of _____ bones

flat

Bones such as the vertebrae are classified as _____ bones

irregular

One function of the skeleton is to store calcium and phosphate to help maintain _______ balance

electrolyte

``` What is the deposition of calcium salts called? Osteomalacia Ossification Calcification Resorption ```

Calcification

Bones such as the carpals that have the same length and width are classified as _____ bones.

short

``` Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape? Irregular Short Flat Long ```

Flat

``` What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called? Metaphysis Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate ```

Epiphysis

Bones that are longer than they are wide are classified as ______ bones.

long

The shaft of a long bone is called the _____

diaphysis

Which allows the passage of blood vessels into a bone? Perforating canal Nutrient foramen Central canal

Nutrient foramen

Which describes the structure of a flat bone? A layer of compact bone is sandwiched between two layers of spongy bone. A layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

A layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

``` An epiphyseal line is slightly denser ______. spongy bone periosteum compact bone cartilage ```

spongy bone

``` Which bone cells produce the organic bone matrix? Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Chondrocytes Osteocytes ```

Osteoblasts

What is the hyaline cartilage found covering the ends of bones within a joint called?

Articular cartilage

What is the term for the bone tissue located between the two layers of compact bone in the skull?

Diploe

The action carried out by osteoclasts is called ______.

osteolysis

The protein and carbohydrate portion of bone matrix forms the ______ matter.

organic

``` Within compact bone, a central canal is found at the center of which structure? A bone An epiphysis A Volkmann canal An osteon ```

An osteon

Which structures found in spongy bone line up along the bone's lines of stress?

Trabeculae

Which of the following is a function of yellow bone marrow? Storage of calcium Storage of energy Production of blood cells

Storage of energy

What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called?

Epiphysis

What are the two principle forms of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system?

Endochondral and intramembranous

``` As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae? Chondrocytes Osteoclasts Chondroblasts Osteoblasts ```

Osteoclasts

________ cartilage is the tissue which is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification

hyaline

``` Where does the calcium and phosphate used to mineralize bone come from? The blood The lymph Osteoblasts Hyaline cartilage ```

The blood

Fatty bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called ______ bone marrow

Yellow

If a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called ______.

hypercalcemia

Which of the following best describes osteomalacia? An insufficient vitamin E intake in children The softening of the bones in adults due to calcium depletion A decreased osteoblast proliferation in adults The hardening of the bones in adults due to excess mineral deposits

The softening of the bones in adults due to calcium depletion

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification? Adipose tissue Hyaline cartilage model Fibrous membranous sheet

Hyaline cartilage model

``` Vitamin D, also known as ______, raises the blood calcium level. cholesterol calcium calcitriol cholecalciferol ```

calcitriol

``` Mineral deposition into bones begin when? In fetal ossification During puberty In the first month of life In the first year of life ```

In fetal ossification

``` Which adult condition involves the softening of bones due to demineralization? Osteosarcoma Osteomalacia Rickets Osteomyelitis ```

Osteomalacia

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels? Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Calcitriol

Calcitonin

``` Calcitriol acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels? ((Multiple select question)) Bones Kidneys Brain Muscles Small intestines ```

Bones Kidneys Small intestines

Which two ions are deposited by osteoblasts into the bone matrix?

Phosphate and calcium

A low blood calcium level stimulates the release of which hormone? Parathyroid hormone Thyroid releasing hormone Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

What does the hormone calcitonin do? Stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts Stimulates osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts Inhibits osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts

Inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

``` During fracture healing, cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue to form which of the following? A fracture hematoma A woven bone A hard callus A soft callus ```

A soft callus

True or false: Most fractures are treated using closed reduction.

True

``` PTH is a hormone released by parathyroid glands in response to which of the following? Sympathetic innervation Low blood calcium levels High blood potassium levels High blood iron levels ```

Low blood calcium levels

A degenerative bone disease characterized by a loss of bone mass and an increased risk of fracture is called ______

osteoporosis

Which condition occurs because of a defect in collagen deposition that causes bones to be exceptionally brittle?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels? Calcitriol Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin

Calcitonin

A hard callus is composed of _______

bone

When surgery is needed to set a fracture, this treatment is called a(n) _____ reduction

open

``` What often causes the loss of bone mass seen in osteoporosis in older women? A loss of androgen A loss of parathyroid hormone A loss of calcitriol A loss of estrogen ```

A loss of estrogen

What is osteogenesis imperfecta? A loss of bone mineralization resulting in frequent fractures A defect in collagen deposition that renders bones exceptionally brittle An inflammation of osseous tissue due to bacterial infection

A defect in collagen deposition that renders bones exceptionally brittle