Lab 6 - Musculoskeletal System I

Question 1

Define a process and give an example

Answer 1

A bony projection

Ex: Mastoid process of temporal bone

Question 2

Define a tubercle and give an example

Answer 2

A small rounded projection

Greater tubercle of humerus

Question 3

Define tuberosity and give an example

Answer 3

Usually a rough, elevated area of a bone

Ex: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Question 4

Define trochanter and give an example

Answer 4

A large, rounded projection

Ex: greater trochanter of femur

Question 5

Define condyle and give an example

Answer 5

A rounded articular projection

Ex: mandibular condyle of mandible

Question 6

Define crest and give an example

Answer 6

A ridge of bone

Ex: iliac crest of ilium

Question 7

List the terms that can be used to describe projections of bone

Answer 7

Process
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Condyle
Crest

Question 8

What are projections of bone typically used for?

Answer 8

As attachment sites for muscles or ligaments

Question 9

List the terms that can be used to describe holes or depressions in bone

Answer 9

Foramen
Fissure
Notch
Fossa

Question 10

Define foramen and give an example

Answer 10

Round or oval opening through a bone (usually used for blood vessels or nerves)
Ex: olfactory foramina of ethmoid bone

Question 11

Define fissure and give an example

Answer 11

A narrow, slit-like opening

Ex: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

Question 12

Define notch and give an example

Answer 12

An indentation or large groove in a bone

Ex: greater sciatic notch of coxal bone

Question 13

Define fossa and give an example

Answer 13

A shallow depression

Ex: mandibular fossa of temporal bone

Question 14

Name the joints of the skull

Answer 14

Cranial sutures (coronal, lambdoid, squamous, and sagittal) and temporomandibular joint

Question 15

Name the 8 cranial bones

Answer 15

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid

Question 16

Describe the two main features of the occipital bone

Answer 16

1) The foramen magnum: a hole to let the brainstem in

2) The occipital condyles: round kidney bean shapes around foramen magnum

Question 17

Describe the 4 main features of the temporal bones

Answer 17

1) External acoustic meatus: external auditory canal, a hole
2) Mastoid process: look like lines below the EAM
3) Styloid process: looks like a pointy stylus
4) Mandibular fossa: shallow depression

Question 18

Describe the 5 main features of the sphenoid bone

Answer 18

1) Greater wings (smaller part of sphenoid)
2) Lesser wings (bigger, more inferior part of sphenoid)
3) Sella turcica: brain sits there
4) Superior orbital fissure: spike/triangle shaped holes in the eye socket
5) Optic canal: lets the optic nerve in through the medial wall of eye socket

Question 19

Describe the 3 main features of the ethmoid bone

Answer 19

1) Cribriform plates: the portion of the ethmoid located at the base of the skull
2) Olfactory foramina: has tiny holes
3) Crista galli: the meninges anchor to it

Question 20

Describe the location of the ethmoid bone

Answer 20

Between the eyes; makes up the medial wall of the eye socket

Question 21

What are the origin and insertion for the sternocleidomastoid

Answer 21

Origin: sternum and clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process

Question 22

Define the prime mover/ agonist

Answer 22

The main muscle(s) doing the movement

Question 23

Describe the synergist

Answer 23

Muscles that help the prime mover

Question 24

Describe the antagonist

Answer 24

Does the opposite movement of the prime mover

Question 25

Describe the fixator

Answer 25

The muscle that stabilizes and holds everything else still

Question 26

Describe the difference between flexion and extension

Answer 26

Flexion: "bending"; decreases the angle between two bones Extension: "straightening"; increases the angle between two bones

Question 27

What muscle is responsible for the flexion of the head and neck?

Answer 27

Sternocleidmastoid

Question 28

What muscle is responsible for the extension of the head and neck?

Answer 28

Trapezius

Question 29

What muscle is responsible for wrinkling the forehead and lifting the eyebrows?

Answer 29

Frontalis

Question 30

What muscle is the agonist to frontalis?

Answer 30

Occipitalis

Question 31

What muscle is responsible for squinting and winking?

Answer 31

Orbicularis oculi

Question 32

What muscle is responsible for smiling/ pulling the corners of the mouth up?

Answer 32

Zygomaticus

Question 33

What muscle is a synergist to the zygomaticus and responsible for pulling the mouth laterally?

Answer 33

Risorius

Question 34

What muscle is responsible for puckering the lips?

Answer 34

Orbiularis oris

Question 35

What muscle is responsible for the elevation of the mandible (chewing)?

Answer 35

Temporalis and masseter

Question 36

What muscle is responsible for compressing cheeks, sucking, and assists in chewing by directing food between molars?

Answer 36

Buccinator

Question 37

What muscle protrudes the lower lip as in pouting and wrinkles the chin?

Answer 37

Mentalis

Question 38

What muscle elevates the upper lip?

Answer 38

Levator labii superioris

Question 39

What muscle pulls the lower lip down as in pouting?

Answer 39

Depressor labii inferioris

Question 40

What muscle protrudes the tongue and moves it side to side?

Answer 40

Genioglossus

Question 41

What is the internal muscle that's the prime mover for inhalation?

Answer 41

Diaphragm

Question 42

What is the muscle that elevates the ribs and assists in inhalation by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 42

External intercostals

Question 43

What is the muscle that depresses and retracts ribs for forced expiration and decreases the size of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 43

Internal intercostals

Question 44

What is the muscle that flexes the waist as in sit-ups and compresses the abdominal viscera (as in urination, defecation, childbirth, and vomiting)?

Answer 44

Rectus abdominis

Question 45

What is the most superficial muscle located on the lateral abdomen, produces twisting at the waist, and compresses abdominal viscera?

Answer 45

External oblique

Question 46

What is the middle muscle layer on the lateral abdomen, produces twisting at the waist, and compresses abdominal viscera?

Answer 46

Internal oblique

Question 47

What is the deepest muscle layer on the lateral abdomen that compresses the abdominal viscera?

Answer 47

Transverse abdominis

Question 48

What two muscles of the trunk are responsible for side-to-side abdominal movements?

Answer 48

External oblique and internal oblique

Question 49

Describe the location of the sphenoid bone

Answer 49

It makes up the backs of the eye sockets