Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 3 Lecture - Cellular Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Lecture - Cellular Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: All organisms are composed of cells

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____ are responsible for all structural and functional properties of a living organism

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Understanding cells is the key to understanding what three things?

A

Workings of human body
Mechanisms of disease
Rationale of therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 5 components of cell theory?

A

1) All organisms composed of cells and cell products
2) Cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life
3) An organism’s structure and functions are due to activities of cells
4) Cells come only from preexisting cells
5) Cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many types of cells are there in the human body?

A

About 200 different types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the plasma (cell) membrane do and what is it made up of?

A

It surrounds cell and defines boundaries. Made of proteins and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 4 things are included in the cytoplasm?

A

1) Organelles
2) Cytoskeleton
3) Inclusions (stored or foreign particles)
4) Cytosol (intracellular fluid, ICF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false: extracellular fluid (ECF) is one of the basic components of a cell

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define organelle

A

Internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm contains the organelles; cytosol does not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the plasma membrane arranged?

A

In a bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the border of the cell?

A

The plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 3 functions of the plasma membrane

A

1) Defines cell boundaries
2) Governs interactions with other cells
3) Controls passage of materials in and out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

__% of membrane molecules are lipids

A

98%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 most abundant membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids (75% of membrane lipids), cholesterol (20%), and glycolipids (5%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the membrane lipid cholesterol do?

A

Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face. A type of membrane lipid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Membrane proteins make up __% of the molecules but __% of the weight of membrane

A

2% of the molecules but 50% of the weight of membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two basic types of membrane proteins, and where are they located?

A

Integral proteins—penetrate membrane

Peripheral proteins – on the surface of membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is one type of integral protein?

A

Transmembrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

________ proteins contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

A

Transmembrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are transmembrane proteins located?

A

Some drift in membrane; others are anchored to cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe peripheral proteins

A
  • Adhere to one face of the membrane (do not penetrate it)

- Usually tied to the cytoskeleton and an integral protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some examples of the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Receptors, enzymes, channels, carriers, cell-identity markers, cell-adhesion molecules, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the glycoalyx? What is it made up of?

A

It’s a fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane, and made up of glycoproteins and glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_______ is unique in everyone but identical twins

A

Glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the glycocalyx do?

A

It helps with protection, immunity to infection, defense against cancer, transplant compatibility, cell adhesion, fertilization, and embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True or false: Some channel proteins are always open, but others are gated

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are channel proteins needed for?

A

They’re crucial to nerve and muscle function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are 3 different types of channel proteins?

A

Ligand-gated channels, voltage gated channels, and mechanically-gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ligand-gated channels respond to _____

A

chemical messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Voltage-gated channels respond to ____

A

charge changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mechanically-gated channels respond to ____

A

physical stress on the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is an example of a stretch receptor?

A

Mechanically-gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Give an example of chemical messengers for ligand-gated channels

A

Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Microvilli are best developed in cells specialized in _____

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Extensions of the membrane that gives 15 to 40 times more surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How big are microvilli?

A

1-2μm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is it called when microvilli are very dense and appear as a fringe?

A

Brush border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair-like processes that are 7–10 μm long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is one type of cilia?

A

Motile cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

____ cilia are found in the respiratory tract, uterine tubes, ventricles of brain, ducts of testes

A

Motile cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do cilia do?

A

Beat in waves sweeping material across a surface in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

True or false: the flagellum of sperm is the only functioning flagella in humans

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe the structure and movement of flagella

A

They have a whip-like structure and are much longer than cilium.
Their movement is undulating, snake-like, corkscrew; no power stroke and recovery strokes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are pseudopods?

A

Continually changing extensions of the cell that vary in shape and size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What can pseudopods do?

A

They can be used for cellular locomotion or capturing foreign particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. What does this mean?

A

It allows some things through, but prevents others from passing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which of the following mechanisms consume ATP?:

a) passive transport
b) active transport
c) both active and passive transport

A

b) active transport

50
Q

What does passive transport not require any of the cell’s energy?

A

Random molecular motion of particles provides necessary energy

51
Q

Is membrane transport a type of passive or active transport?

A

It can be either passive or active

52
Q

Define membrane transport

A

Carrier-mediated mechanisms use a membrane protein to transport substances across membrane

53
Q

Name 4 passive mechanisms of transportation

A

1) Filtration
2) Simple Diffusion
3) Facilitated Diffusion
4) Osmosis

54
Q

Define filtration

A

A type of passive transport, particles are driven through membrane by physical pressure

55
Q

Where can filtration be found in the human body? (3 examples)

A

1) Filtration of water and small solutes through gaps in capillary walls
2) Allows delivery of water and nutrients to tissues
3) Allows removal of waste from capillaries in kidneys

56
Q

Define a gradient

A

A difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

57
Q

True or false: Matter and energy tend to flow up gradients

A

False; matter and energy tend to flow DOWN gradients

58
Q

Give an example of matter flowing down a gradient in the body

A

Blood flows from a place of higher pressure to a place of lower pressure

59
Q

Moving up a gradient requires what?

A

Energy

60
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from place of high concentration to place of lower concentration

61
Q

Why does simple diffusion happen?

A

It happens due to constant, spontaneous molecular motion; molecules collide and bounce off each other

62
Q

Substances diffuse ____ their concentration gradient

A

down

63
Q

When can substances diffuse through a membrane?

A

If the membrane is permeable to the substance

64
Q

True or false: the diffusion of substances down a concentration gradient doesn’t require a membrane

A

True

65
Q

In _____ diffusion, the substance passes directly through the phospholipid bilayer

A

simple

66
Q

What 5 factors affect the diffusion rate through the membrane?

A

1) Temperature: ^ temp = ^ motion of particles = ^ rate
2) Molecular weight: larger molecules move slower
3) Steepness of concentrated gradient: ^ difference = ^ rate
4) Membrane surface area: ^ area = ^ rate
5) Membrane permeability: ^ permeability = ^ rate

67
Q

Define osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

68
Q

In osmosis, water moves from the side where water is ____ concentrated to the side where it is ____ concentrated

A

more; less

69
Q

Will osmosis speed up or slow down if a cell adds more aquaporins?

A

Speed up

70
Q

Define aquaporins

A

Channel proteins in a membrane specialized for water passage

71
Q

Define osmolarity

A

The measure of total concentration of solute particles

72
Q

Define tonicity

A

The concentration of non-permeating solutes

73
Q

Define hypotonic solution

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of non-permeating solutes than the other solution

74
Q

Define a hypertonic solution

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of non-permeating solutes than the other solution

75
Q

Define an isotonic solution

A

Where concentrations of non-permeating solutes in both solutions are the same

76
Q

What happens to a cell if it’s placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water diffuses out of the cell and causes crenation (shriveling) because now it doesn’t have enough water

77
Q

What happens to a cell if it’s place in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water diffuses into the cell and causes hemolysis (explosion) because now it has too much water.

78
Q

What happens to a cell if it’s placed in an isotonic solution?

A

Nothing, stays the same

79
Q

What are the three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?

A

1) Facilitated diffusion
2) Primary active transport
3) Secondary active transport

80
Q

What is carrier-mediated transport?

A

Solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier changes conformation, then releases solute on other side of membrane

81
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion

A
  • Carrier moves the solute down its concentration gradient

- Does not consume ATP

82
Q

Describe primary active transport

A
  • Carrier moves the solute through a membrane up (against) its concentration gradient
  • Need ATP for energy
83
Q

True or false: facilitated diffusion doesn’t require ATP

A

True

84
Q

Give 2 examples of primary active transport in the body

A
  • Calcium pump (uniport)

- Sodium–potassium pump (antiport)

85
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do, and why?

A
  • Three Na+ are pumped out and two K+ are pumped in by the sodium potassium pump
  • Necessary because Na+ and K+ constantly leak through membrane
86
Q

Define vesicular transport

A

Moves large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles—bubble-like enclosures of membrane

87
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Transports material into cell

88
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Transports material out of the cell

89
Q

Define transcytosis

A

Transport into, across, and then out of a cell

90
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis? Describe them

A

Phagocytosis—“cell eating,” engulfing large particles

Pinocytosis—“cell drinking,”

91
Q

What does phagocytosis do?

A

Phagocytosis keeps tissues free of debris and infectious microbes

92
Q

Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
  • More selective endocytosis

- Enables cells to take in specific molecules that bind to extracellular receptors

93
Q

Describe exocytosis and when it’s needed (before or after endocytosis)

A
  • Secreting material

- Needed in the replacement of plasma membrane removed by endocytosis (after endocytosis)

94
Q

What materials in the body can be released by exocytosis?

A
  • Ejection of wastes
  • Release of neurotransmitters
  • Hormone secretion
  • Mucus secretion
95
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of protein filaments and cylinders

96
Q

What is the largest organelle (5 μm in diameter)?

A

The nucleus

97
Q

Most cells have how many nuclei?

A

1

98
Q

True or false: cells can be mononuclear, polynuclear, or anuclear

A

True

99
Q

Give an example of an anuclear cell in humans

A

Red blood cells

100
Q

Give an example of a cell with many nuclei (a polynuclear cell) in the human body

A

Skeletal muscle cells & some bone dissolving cells

101
Q

Define the nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane with pores surrounding the nucleus

102
Q

Nucleoplasm is made up of what two things?

A

Chromatin and nucleoli

103
Q

Define chromatin

A

A thread-like substance composed of DNA and protein; one of two substances that makes up nucleoplasm

104
Q

Define nucleoli

A

Masses where ribosomes are produced; one of two substances that makes up nucleoplasm

105
Q

Define endoplasmic reticulum

A

A system of channels (cisternae) enclosed by membrane

106
Q

What makes up the rough endoplasm reticulum and what does it do?

A

It’s made up of parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes.
Functions: protein synthesis and packages proteins for transport

107
Q

The ___ endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes, whereas the ____ endoplasmic reticulum doesn’t

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes; the smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn’t

108
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do? (three things)

A

1) Synthesizes steroids and other lipids
2) Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
3) Calcium storage

109
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Small granules of protein and RNA

110
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They “read” coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code

111
Q

What does the golgi complex do?

A

It receives newly synthesized proteins from rough ER. Then it sorts proteins, modifies proteins, and packages them into vesicles

112
Q

What do vesicles become/do after leaving the golgi complex?

A

Some vesicles become lysosomes
Some vesicles migrate to plasma membrane and fuse to it
Some become secretory vesicles that store a protein product for later release

113
Q

Define lysosomes

A

A package of enzymes bound by a membrane

114
Q

What 3 things do lysosomes do?

A
  1. Intracellular hydrolytic digestion
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Autolysis
115
Q

Define autolysis

A

“Cell suicide” or the digestion of a surplus cell by itself

116
Q

What are peroxisomes and what do they do?

A

Resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes. They detoxify certain harmful chemicals, enclose reactions that make toxic byproducts

117
Q

Peroxisomes are found in all cells, but are especially abundant in what two organs?

A

The liver and kidney

118
Q

Define mitochondria

A

Organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

119
Q

Mitochondria are surrounded by a ____ membrane

A

double

120
Q

What makes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) unique, and what does it do?

A

It mutates more rapidly than nuclear DNA; continually changes shape from spheroidal to thread-like. It’s responsible for hereditary diseases affecting tissues with high energy demands

121
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

They form the mitotic spindle during cell division, unpaired centrioles form basic structure of cilia and flagella

Anatomy and Physiology I (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions