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.theriogenology > Small Ruminant Repro > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Goals of small ruminant repro

A

Commercial, pets/ acreage sustainability, purebred/show

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2
Q

Ewe and doe anatomy

A

Bicornuate uterus, ringed cervix, caruncular pigment in black-faced sheep

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3
Q

Placenta of the ewe and doe

A

Epitheliochorial cotydedonary placenta
No commingling of fetal blood supply
Concave placentomes

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4
Q

Puberty and breeding of the ewe

A

Puberty: 6-8mo
Breeding age: 8-10mo and 60-70% mature wt
Breeding season: August- January (↑ darkness)

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5
Q

Estrous cycle in the ewe

A

Cycle: 14-19d (ave 17)
Estrus: 15-45 hrs (ave 30) with ovulation at the end of or after behavioral heat

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6
Q

Gestation length for the ewe

A

145-150 days or 5m

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7
Q

Puberty and breeding of the doe

A

Puberty: 6-8mo (3m for Nigerian or pygmy)
Breeding age: 6-10mo and 70% mature wt
Breeding season: August- March (↑ darkness)

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8
Q

Estrous cycle in the doe

A

Cycle: 18-22d (ave 21)
Estrus: 24-72 hrs (ave 36) with ovulation 12-36 hrs after behavioral heat

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9
Q

Gestation length of the doe

A

147-155 d (5m)

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10
Q

Estrus behavior

A

Seek out the male: fence line, vasectomized male, marking harness (sheep), buck rag (goat)
Vocalization ↑ and rapid tail wagging in the doe
Vulva area pinker

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11
Q

Estrual discharge in the doe

A

Clear mucous discharge at the start of estrus
Cloudy as estrus ends
Thick and caseous (normal)

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12
Q

Physiology of short-day breeders

A

Longer dark pds: less inhibition of the pineal gland
↑ melatonin secretion
Stimulate GnRH, FSH and LH produced

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13
Q

__________ during transition can ↑ OV rates

A

Flushing

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14
Q

Ram/Buck effect

A

Pheromones of the male induce cycling in females
Isolate males from females for 30-60d prior
LH surge and OV within 6d of intro of male

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15
Q

What is the Ram/Buck effect for?

A

Used to synchronize estrus

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16
Q

CIDR for breeding manipulation

A

CIDR used alone or with hormones (PG600, GnRH)

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17
Q

Light duration for breeding manipulation

A

18-20hrs for 60d then slowly ↓ to 8-10hrs
House male and female separately

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18
Q

Does that exhibit estrus every _________ are potentially _________. What do you treat it with?

A

5-7d
Cystic
Tx with GnRH and CIDR

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19
Q

Pregnancy Dx

A

US: rectal- early or abdominally- 45 -70d of gestation
Blood: pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG)
Urine: P test- estrone sulfate

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20
Q

Sheep pregnancy maintenance

A

CL only required until 50-60d of gestation

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21
Q

Goat pregnancy maintenance

A

CL required throughout pregnancy

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22
Q

Parturition

A

3-6hrs
Stage 1: 1-4 hrs
Stage 2: up to 2 hrs, multiple kids within 30-45min
Stage 3: 1-4 hrs, longer for first fresheners

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23
Q

Causes of dystocia in the ewe/doe

A

Fetal postural abnormalities*
Incomplete dilation, fetal monster, simultaneous presentation during delivery of multiple kids/ lambs, fetal-maternal disproportion

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24
Q

Induction of parturition of ewes

A

After 142d gestation
Dexamethasome
Lambs within 48 hrs

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25
Q

Induction of parturition in does

A

After 144d gestation
PGF2a (cloprostenol), dexamethasone if pregnancy toxemia
Kidding within 30 hrs

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26
Q

Vaginal prolapse

A

Prepartum (3w before lambing)
Caused by genetics, tail docked too short, too fat, resp. dz

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27
Q

Tx of vaginal prolapse

A

Cleanse with mild soap
Gently replace +/- lidocaine epidural
Maintaining cervix (harness, sutures, paddle)

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28
Q

T/F: cull ewe/doe post-weaning of her lamb and kid if she has a vaginal prolapse

A

TRUE
don’t keep offspring

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29
Q

Uterine prolapse

A

Postpartum random occurrence (dystocia)
Emergency

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30
Q

Tx of uterine prolapse

A

Cleanse with mild soap and water
Gently replace +/- caudal epidural (lidocaine)
Suture/harness
NSAIDs, broad spectrum antimicrobials
+/- calcium

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31
Q

Pseudopregnancy in goats

A

Hydrometra or “cloudburst”
Prolonged luteal phase
Sheep/goat hybrids, out of season breeding, last estrus of breeding season, EED or abortion with retained CL

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32
Q

Signs of pseudopregnancy in goats

A

Anestrus
↑ abdominal signs
Behavioral signs of pregnancy
Udder development

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33
Q

Tx and Dx pseudopregnancy in goats

A

US and tx with PGF2a

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34
Q

Infectious abortion

A

Most common cause of abortion: infectious cause
Chlamydophilia/ Chlamydia abortus, toxoplasma gondii, campylobacter

35
Q

Abortion in sheep and goats

A

Later term
Submit placenta for dx
Abortion causing organisms are zoonotic: coxiella, listeria, toxoplasmosis, campylobacter/vibrio

36
Q

Campylobacter Abortion

A

C. fetus fetus: abortion storms
C. jejuni: sporadic cases of abortion
Oral transmission

37
Q

CS of campylobacter

A

Stillbirths, weak lambs
Focal areas of necrosis in liver (target lesions)

38
Q

Tx campylobacter abortion

A

Antimicrobials with penicillin or tetracycline (resistance common now)

39
Q

Chlamydophilia/ Chlamydia abortus

A

Transmitted via oronasal exposure
Abortions in last 2-3w of gestation (necrotizing placentitis)
Infection maintained in chronic carriers

40
Q

Control of C. abortus

A

Vx: 8w and 4w pre-breeding (repeat annually, don’t eliminate infection, prevents abortion)
Remove aborting females for 3w

41
Q

Tx of C. abortus

A

Oxytetracycline in the last 4-6w of gestation

42
Q

Q fever abortion

A

Coxiella burnetti
3rd semester abortions
Necrotic placentitis with abortion storms in cattle, sheep and goats

43
Q

Transmission of Q fever

A

Contact with contaminated tissues or fluid
Spread by wind in dry dusty conditions
Ticks minor source

44
Q

Brucellosis and abortion

A

B. ovis: ram dz
B. melitensis: rare in US but zoonotic
Third trimester abortion from placentitis, causes malta fever in humans, goat-specific, abortion in sheep

45
Q

Parasitic causes of abortion

A

Toxoplasmosis
Stillbirths, necrotic foci on cotyledons (pepperoni lesions)

46
Q

Viral causes of abortion

A

Bluetongue: skeletal deformities, hydrocephalus
Border Dz: hairy shaker, skeletal deformities, neuro deficits

47
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Vaginal in goats and laparoscopic in sheep
Male not needed on farms

48
Q

AI equipment

A

Semen tank (liquid nitrogen)
Goat AI gun
Vaginal speculums
Light source
Thermometer, straw cutter, thawing jaw and sterile lubricant

49
Q

Significance of the male reproductive tract

A

Urethral process (urinary canniculi common @ the end)

50
Q

Physiology of the Ram

A

Puberty: 6m
Breeding age: 8-10m
Breeding season Aug- Jan (↑ darkness)

51
Q

Ram breeding ratio

A

3-3.5 mature rams / 100 ewes
4-7 rams/ 100 ewes

52
Q

Physiology of the Buck

A

Puberty: 4m (2m in pygmy and nigerians)
Breeding age: 6-10m
Breeding season: peaks with ↑ darkness

53
Q

Buck breeding ratio

A

3-4 mature bucks / 100 does
4-7 rams/ 100 does if <1yr

54
Q

Ram selection

A

Select male offspring of high producing ewes for optimal fertility: #of lambs born, wt. of lambs weaned, ewes lambing early in the season
Co-twin to a male
Structural soundness and libido

55
Q

Buck selection

A

Progeny testing for traits: dairy, fiber, meat
Testicular size: large testicles and high quality semen
Avoid phenotypically polled bucks

56
Q

Reasons for poor reproductive performance

A

Poor leg conformation
Arthritis
Splay toes

57
Q

Buck rut behavior

A

Urinate on front legs and face
Blubbering
Challenging behavior (lowering head, rearing, shoving)
Guarding behavior (keeping you away from does)

58
Q

Body condition

A

BCS 3.5 to 4/5 @ the start of breeding season

59
Q

Causes of male infertility

A

Epididymitis
Ulcerative posthitis
Sperm Granulomas
Varicocoele
Caprine Intersex Syndrome

60
Q

Epididymitis

A

Impt. dz in rams (reportable)
Brucella ovis most common, esp. in mature rams
Exposure via mm

61
Q

Epididymitis transmission

A

Passive venereal infection: infected ram breeds ewe, or clean ram breeds ewe
Ram to ram: group-housed rams

62
Q

Infected rams excrete B. ovis in ______

A

semen

63
Q

B. ovis infection in ewes

A

More resistant
15-30% ↓ in lambing rates with chronic infection
Conception failure, embryonic death, abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs

64
Q

Pathogenesis of B. ovis infection

A

Exposure via mm → Bacteremia → epididymitis/ seminal vesculitis → spem granuloma → reduced fertility

65
Q

CS of epididymitis

A

↓ semen quality + WBC in semen
Scrotal swelling
Infection in seminal vesicles
Chronic infection → obstruction of epididymal ducts

66
Q

Epididymitis dx

A

ELISA (97% sensitivity, 100% specificity)

67
Q

Epididymitis prevetion

A

Segregate rams by age
Perform yearly BSE of all rams
Newly purchased animals: 2 - ELISA tests, Purchase from B. ovis free flock, 30d quarantine

68
Q

Epididymitis in young rams

A

<2yrs
Actinobacillus seminis, histophilus, corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphadenitis)
Cx from prepuce, penis, oral and nasal cavities

69
Q

Transmission of lamb epididymitis

A

Shed organism in preputial secretions and semen @ puberty
Ram to ram via oral or nasal route (blood)
Retrograde migrattion via urethra

70
Q

CS of acute lamb epididymitis

A

Enlarged epididymus and swollen testes
+/- fever, anorexia and depression
Lame from pain
Semen with leukos and bacteria

71
Q

CS of chronic lamb epididymitis

A

Obstruction of ductus deferens, granulomas or abscesses
Testicular atrophy
Bacteria clear by 12-15m

72
Q

Prognosis of lamb epididymitis

A

Some individuals may recover and be fertile breeders
Prognosis depends on severity

73
Q

Tx of lamb epididymitis

A

Oxytetracycline
Segregate infected lambs/ cull
Use low chlortetracycline in feed

74
Q

Ulcerative Posthitis (Pizzle Rot)

A

Corynebacterium renale in sheep, goats and camelids

75
Q

Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Posthitis

A

High protein ration (16-18%) → ↑ concentration of urea in urine → hydrolysis of urea → ammonia by C. renale→ ulceration of skin at muco-cutaneous junction of prepuce

76
Q

Tx of Ulcerative Posthitis

A

Clean and debride wound
Apply abx ointment
Reduce dietary protein to 12-13%
Sexual rest for 1m

77
Q

Ulcerative Posthitis complications

A

Fibrosis of preputial orifice can cause phimosis (inability to extend penis)

78
Q

Varicocoeles

A

Dilation and thrombosis of internal spermatic vein
No tx, don’t use for breeding

79
Q

Varicocoeles CS

A

Fluctant to firm swelling in spermatic cord
Ram lame or awkward gait
Poor thermoregulation affects semen quality

80
Q

Sperm Granuloma

A

More common in goats and sheep
Caused by blockage of efferent ducts draining into epididymus (duct distention and rupture)
No tx

81
Q

Sperm granuloma palpation findings

A

Acute: swollen, edematous testes, enlarged epididymus
Chronic: small, firm
US: hyperechoic (mineralization)

82
Q

Caprine Intersex Condition

A

More prevalent in polled dairy goats
XX sex reversal due to loss of ovary determining genes that are linked to the polled trait
Genetically female and appears female @ birth

83
Q

CS of Caprine Intersex Condition

A

Enlarged clitorus, ↑ or ↓ anogenital distance
Bilateral cryptorchidism or partially descended testes
Hypospadia, sperm granulomas, hypoplastic testes

84
Q

Avoid breeding _______________-

A

Phenotypically polled bucks

.theriogenology (36 decks)

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