CT: Female reproduction

Question 1

3 characteristics of the female reproductive system

Answer 1

1. Left uterine horn larger due to more pregnancies
2. Small uterine body
3. No intercornual ligaments

Question 2

Transrectal palpation findings

Answer 2

Dominant follicle: tone, ↑ estrogen
Diestrus: relaxed, soft, CL, ↑ progesterone

Question 3

When is cervical catheterization easy?

Answer 3

During follicular phase

Question 4

Length of cycle in camelids

Answer 4

Induced ovulators → OV depends on mating, induced OV with GnRH or synchronization with human gonadotropin

Question 5

Ovarian cycle in the absence of mating

Answer 5

Overlapping follicular wave (interwave interval variable → 8-24 dys)
Unsure when the cycle is → overbreeding and infection

Question 6

Follicular recruitment

Answer 6

Several small follicles < 5 mm around ovary

Question 7

Follicular regression

Answer 7

Atresia (4-12 days)
Degeneration, anovulatory follicle = 8-45 dys

Question 8

Mating

Answer 8

Receptivity to male is not correlated with the follicular size
Lasts 15-20 minutes

Question 9

When does OV occur after mating?

Answer 9

24-36 hrs (LH↑ 30 hrs after mating)

Question 10

Mechanism of OV

Answer 10

Endometrial inflammation
Presence of B Nerve Growth Factor in seminal plasma

Question 11

What happens when a female is in high progesterone

Answer 11

Days 7-8 posting mating → female spits off the male (CL @ max size)

Question 12

Day 10 of the female repro. cycle

Answer 12

OV occurs → no embryo → ↑ PGF2a and luteolysis

Question 13

When is the mature follicle present ?

Answer 13

12-14 days post sterile mating

Question 14

When is mating and OV possible after previous OV?

Answer 14

14-16 dys

Question 15

Repro failure in camelids

Answer 15

Repeat breeding (75.6%)
Pregnancy loss
Visible abnormalities
Abnormal behavior (continuous rejection of male and male-like behavior)

Question 16

What is orgling?

Answer 16

A sound the male makes during mating

Question 17

Basic repro. evaluation

Answer 17

PE, inspection, vaginoscopy, ultrasonography and uterine cytology/ culture

Question 18

Common congential repro disorders

Answer 18

Vulva (atresia vulvi)
Vagina (persistent hymen, vaginal aplasia)
Cervix (cervical aplasia, double cervix)
Uterus (uterus unicornis)
Uterine tube (segmental aplasia)
Ovaries (ovarian hypoplasia/ dysgenesis and chromosomal abnormalities)

Question 19

Endometritis

Answer 19

Vaginal discharge, abnorm ultrasound
Dx with cytology, bacteriology and biopsy
Tx with uterine lavage, in utero abx

Question 20

Endometrial degeneration

Answer 20

Abnorm ultrasound→ cysts, thickening
Dx with endometrial biopsy and hysteroscopy
Tx with embyro transfer

Question 21

Cervical laceration/ adhesions

Answer 21

Mucometra/ pyometra
Dx with ultrasound
No tx

Question 22

Ovarian inactivity (poor follicular development) and failure of OV

Answer 22

Repeat breeding
Dx with serial ultrasound
Tx by correcting nutritional deficiencies and metabolic disorders

Question 23

Aggressive male like behavior

Answer 23

Ovarian neoplasia (granulosa theca cell tumors)
Dx with ultrasound and endocrinology (AMH, T and inhibin)

Question 24

Persistent rejection of male

Answer 24

Persistent CL
Dx with ultrasound (see CL), endcrinology (Progesterone > 1.5 ng/mL)

Question 25

Never breed a female more than _____ times

Answer 25

3

Question 26

Follicular growth

Answer 26

Grows 0.6 mm per day (dominant 6mm)
Mature follicle: 7-12 for alpaca, 8-13 for llama (can’t ovulate until maximum size reached)