CT: Pregnancy and Pregnancy disorders Flashcards
Fertilization and early embryo development
Fertilization rates: 90% with double and triple OV
Embryo passes through utero-tubal junction papilla @ 6.5-7 dys post fertilization @ hatched blastocyst stage
When does hatching occur?
During migration from the uterine tube to the uterus
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
Must occur by day 9-10
Rescue of CL
Role of estrogen from the embryo
Pregnancy dx
Behavior: 14 dys (initial evaluation)
Ultrasound*****
Transrectal: 14 dys
Transabdominal: 35 dys
Estrone Sulfate (wild species)
Fetal heart beat is detected by transrectal palpation on day
24
Period of the fetus
Carried in the left uterine horn mostly
Palpation @ 15 dys
Placnetation complete by 40 days
Placentation
Epitheliochorial microcotyledonnary diffuse with allantochorion attached to the amnios
Extra membrane on the placenta
4th membrane: epithelion epidermal membrane covers the fetus except at the mucocutaneous junction
When does most fetal growth occur?
In the last 3 months of pregnancy
Endocrinology of pregnancy
Relies exclusively on the CL from the ovary to maintain ↑ progesterone throughout pregnancy
Embryonic loss
Less than 60 days gestation
No outward signs
Pregnancy absorbed
Abortion
Expulsion of the fetus and placenta
Found in pasture, maure/ dunk pile or stall bedding
Female receptive to male or fails to give birth
Early pregnancy loss
Uterine fibrosis (endometrial biopsy)
Embryo/ fetal abnormalities
Luteal insufficiency from obesity, metabolic disorders and fiber production
Twins
Heat stress
Iatrogenic (PGF2a)
Biosecurity measures at the herd level
Isolation of aborting female
Close observation of pregnant females
Submission from pregnant females
Biosecurity measures
Assessment of zoonotic risks
Infectious causes of pregnancy loss
BVDV
Bacterial: Brucella, Chlamydophilia, leptospira, listeria, etc.
Protozoal: neospora, toxoplasma
Non-infectious causes of pregnancy loss
Twin pregnancies, uterine fibrosis, trace mineral deficiencies, young females poor BCS, hydrocephalus, cervical incompetence, etc
Twinning
Double OV (30%), twinning (3-8%)
Extremely rare, abortion common (beyond 60dy)
Spontaneous reduction or loss of preg by 45 dys
Risk factors for twinning
Genetics
Nutrition
Hormone use
CS of an alpaca with colic (uterine torsion)
Kicking @ the belly
Lateral recumbence
Rolling
DX test for colic (uterine torsion)
Transabdominal ultrasound
Transrectal exam
Vaginal exam
Whats seen with colic in a pregnant female (uterine torsion)?
Hyperglycemia, Hyperfibrogenemia, anemia (mycoplasma), Hyperlipemia, ↑ liver enzymes, stress leukogram
Uterine torsion correction
Non sx: Rolling (plant of the flank) and transvaginal manipulation
Sx: midline laparatomy
Predisposing factors of a vaginal prolapse
Older female
Cachexic or obese BCS
Large fetus
Incompetent vestibulo-vaginal sphincter
Tenesmus (diarrhea)
