Obstetrics

Question 1

Mare pelvic inlet

Answer 1

Round
Little advantage by fetal rotation as it passes through the birth canal

Question 2

Dystocia

Answer 2

When first or second stage of parturition is difficult or impossible for the dam without assistance

Question 3

Presentation

Answer 3

The relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the dam
Anterior, posterior, or transverse

Question 4

Position

Answer 4

Relationship of dorsum of the fetus to the quadrants of the dams pelvis
Dorso- sacral (norm), pubic (upside down), ileal (left or right)

Question 5

Posture

Answer 5

Relationship of the fetus extremities to its own torso
Lateral flexion of the head and neck
Flexion: carpal, shoulder, hock, hip or nape

Question 6

Fetus is engaged in the pelvis

Answer 6

Entered the pelvis with her early delivery attempt, prevented from making further progress by postural problems
Wedged tightly or fills the available space and blocks from accomplishing mutation

Question 7

_______________ is necessary to gain room to do mutations

Answer 7

Cranial repulsion

Question 8

Mutation

Answer 8

Operations where the fetus is returned to a normal presentation, position, or posture by repulsion, rotation, version and adjustment or extension of extremities

Question 9

Repulsion/ retropulsion

Answer 9

Pushing the fetus cranially out of the birth canal to the abdominal cavity (gentle slow pressure)

Question 10

Forced extraction

Answer 10

Withdrawal of the fetus from the dam through the birth canal by outside force or traction
Anterior (3 point traction)
Posterior (2 point traction)

Question 11

Mare side Vet concerns

Answer 11

Mare too big: arm too short (warm blood and draft mares)
Mare too small :arm too big (miniature horses and donkey)

Question 12

Checking for viability in anterior presentation

Answer 12

Pressure on eyelid (blink or move from pressure)
Finger on mouth of fetus (suckle reflex)
Pull on a limb (pullback/ resistance)
Coronary band if fetus non-responsive (pinch with Kelly forceps)

Question 13

Check for viability in the posterior presentation

Answer 13

Check anal sphincter tone (move away?)
Pressure to rear limbs

Question 14

1st degree of perineal lacerations (soft tissue trauma)

Answer 14

Disruption of dorsal vulva
Anal sphincter and perineal body are intact

Question 15

2nd degree of perineal lacerations (soft tissue trauma)

Answer 15

May or may not be disruption of dorsal vulva
Disruption of the perineal body

Question 16

3rd degree of perineal lacerations (soft tissue trauma)

Answer 16

Disruption of the vulva perineal body and anal sphincter
Allow bruised tissue and inflammation to subside: repair earliest 1m (rectovaginal fistula repair)

Question 17

How is resolution achieved?

Answer 17

Mutation
Repulsion (+ rotation, version, extension and adjustment of the extremities)
Forced extraction

Question 18

Why is lubrication important?

Answer 18

Allantois fluid eliminated
Recreate an interface between fetus and uterus before mutations or extractions to avoid damage/ rupture

Question 19

What tool is used for rotation?

Answer 19

Placement of the detorsion rod

Question 20

Rotation

Answer 20

Turning of the fetus on its long axis to bring the fetus into a dorsal-sacral position

Question 21

Version

Answer 21

Rotation of the fetus on its transverse axis into an anterior or posterior presentation

Question 22

Kuhn’s Crutch

Answer 22

When arm is too short
Extension for a shoulder or hip flexion or lateral flexion of the head and neck in a big mare

Question 23

Shoulder and hip flexion and resolution

Answer 23

If anterior: turn a shoulder flexion into a carpal flexion
If posterior: turn a hip flexion into a hock flexion
Draw the joint above the fetlock towards you

Question 24

Eye hook placement

Answer 24

Place hook 1 to medial bony canthus of the harder to reach eye, the hook 2 onto the opposite medial bony canthus

Question 25

Field anesthesia

Answer 25

IV catheter placed outside of dystocia
Xylazine then ketamine
Maintain on triple-drip

Question 26

C-section

Answer 26

Delivery of the fetus (usually @ term) by laparohysterotomy

Question 27

Fetotomy

Answer 27

On fetus to reduce size by division or removal of certain parts
Partial most common, must establish fetal death

Question 28

Equipment for fetotomy

Answer 28

OB chains and chain handles (stainless steel)
Utrecht fetotome
Wire the reader, introducer and wire handles
Gigli wire/ saw wire
Lubricant
Eye hooks
Krey hook

Question 29

T/F: evaluation of fetal viability after fetotomy

Answer 29

FALSE
before

Question 30

Complete fetotomy (anterior presentation)

Answer 30

Amputation of head —> forelimb —> opposite forelimb —> transverse division of fetal trunk then unit lateral longitudinal separatism of the thoracic cage —> longitudinal division of the pelvis

Question 31

Complete fetotomy (posterior presentation)

Answer 31

Percutaneous amputation of one rear limb —> amputation of remaining limb —> transverse division of the fetal trunk —> diagonal- longitudinal division of the fetal forepart or percutanous a,putstipj of both forelimbs

Question 32

Important part of fetotomy

Answer 32

Leave a point of traction intact

Question 33

What happens if the mare isn’t cooperating?

Answer 33

Anesthesia: short acting xylazine/ ketamine combo (+/- diazepam)
Epidural: xylazine/ lidocaine