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.theriogenology > ET: Pregnancy Placenta > Flashcards

ET: Pregnancy Placenta Flashcards

1
Q

Ovary during early pregnancy

A

Dominant follicle (breed mare within 48 hrs prior to OV)
After OV, 1 CL forms, later 2nd CLs form

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2
Q

Gestation length

A

Begins day of OV and ends with foaling (11-12 m)
Assessed by ultrasound or TRP

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3
Q

Transit time from ovary to uterus is…

A

5.5-6 days

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4
Q

Unfertilized ova (UFO)

A

Retained in the uterine tube
Uterotubal junction blocks UFO from entering the uterus

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5
Q

Significant events during gestation

A

Maternal recognition of pregnancy
Fixation of the embryonic vesicle / conceptus in the uterus
Attachment of early placenta to the endometrium
Placental maintenance

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6
Q

Transuterine migration (TUM)

A

Recognition of pregnancy results from successful TUM
Essential for yolk sac to notify the mare is pregnant
Day 16: day of fixation

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7
Q

When does Recognition of pregnancy occur?

A

Day 12-14
successful ROP measured by blocking PGF release from the endometrium

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8
Q

Primary CL

A

30 days of progest production
FSH release and follicular waves continue throughout pregnancy
Fetal trophoblasts form endometrial cups

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9
Q

Endometrial cups

A

Temporary structures, source of eCG/PMSG @ 34 days of gestation (pale, raised, ring formation)
Causes follicles on ovaries to luteinize

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10
Q

Secondary CLs

A

Second rise in progesterone

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11
Q

What happens after 40-45 days gestation with pregnancy loss?

A

Its hard to short-cycle her to bring her back into estrus as endometrial cups persist (delay for 3-4 months)

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12
Q

Placental attachment

A

Between 40-60 days of gestation

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13
Q

70-90 days gestion

A

Transition from ovarian to uterine/placental maintenance
No longer ovarian dependent

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14
Q

90 to 100+ days of gestation

A

Pregnancy maintenance uterine/ placental
Ovaries don’t maintain pregnancy

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15
Q

Chronic girdle

A

Pale, circular area around sphere (location of trophoblast cells)
@ 16 days, comes into contact with uterine horn

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16
Q

Specialized trophoblast cell

A

Migration @ 34-37 days from CG to endometrium

17
Q

Methods of pregnancy dx

A

Teasing
Hormonal evaluation
TRP
TRP and ultrasound

18
Q

Pregnant mare teasing program

A

Continue to tease out (reject teaser) during early gestation
Uterine tone ↑, cervix tightly closed

19
Q

Non pregnant mare teasing program (bred)

A

Returns to estrus, teases back in, develops a new dominant follicle
Uterine tone ↓ and cervix relaxes (coming into estrus)
Ready to be bred again

20
Q

Teasing program with more than 50+ days of gestation

A

Intervals between TRPs ↑ as she passed the time to greatest pregnancy loss

21
Q

Hormones to dx pregnancy

A

P4: primary CL, then secondary CL
eCG: 45-120 days
Total estrogens: feral mares and one way preg dx
Estrogen sulfate: 60 days to term (not readily available)***

22
Q

TRP uterine and cervical tone for pregnancy dx

A

Uterine tone ↑ greater than tone @ diestrus
Excellent tone: tubular rigid
Cervix closed and narrow or elongated

23
Q

By 25 days of pregnancy

A

Ventral bulge evident

24
Q

TRP and ultrasound for pregnancy dx (yolk sac)

A

Size ↑ with time
Distinguish lymphatic cyst from yolk sac within 24 hrs during early pregnancy
Cyst map before breeding

25
Q

TRP and ultrasound for pregnancy dx (subsequent checks)

A

Embryo and location within vesicle
Embryo and detection of heartbeat by 25-26 days of gestation
Vesicle shape: round to triangular

26
Q

Specific concerns (ultrasound)

A

Small for gestational age (SFGA)
Twins
Vesicle with an abnormal appearance
Confusing pregnancy with lymphatic cysts
Heartbeat absent @ 25 days

27
Q

Progression of development

A

Yolk sac → YS diminishes and chorioallantois apparent → fetal trophoblasts migrate from chorionic girdle → endometrial cups form → diffuse attahcment of villi to endometrium

28
Q

Solutions for confusing pregnancy with lymphatic cysts

A

Conduct a pre-breeding TRP and US exam
Creating cyst map

29
Q

Key events mid-gestation

A

Vigilance against enemies of pregnancy
Fetus and uterus out of reach 100 dys+, deep in abdomen until 5-7 months, last trimester back in reach

30
Q

Fetal sexing

A

Early: 70-80 dys
Mid: 120-210 days*

.theriogenology (36 decks)

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