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Head and Neck > Skull > Flashcards

Skull Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

A

22

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2
Q

What can the skull be divided into?

A

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

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3
Q

How many bones are there in the neurocranium?

A

8

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4
Q

What are the bones that make up the neurocranium?

A

Frontal bone

Parietal bones x 2

Temporal bones x2

Occipital bone

Ethmoid bone

Sphenoid bone

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5
Q

How many bones are there in the viscerocranium?

A

14

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6
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

The part of the skull that contains and protects the brain

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7
Q

What are the parts of the neurocranium?

A

Calvaria

Cranial floor

Cranial cavity

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8
Q

What is the calvaria?

A

The cap of the neurocranium

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9
Q

What is the cranial floor?

A

The base of the neurocranium

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10
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

The space in the neurocranium

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11
Q

What type of ossification forms the bones of the calvaria?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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12
Q

What type of ossification forms the bones of the cranial floor?

A

Endochondral ossification

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13
Q

What is the basic structure of the cranial floor?

A

Has fossae
each fossa has foramina
some have fissures, canals etc.

Has grooves

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the fossae of the cranial floor having foramina, fissures, canals etc.

A

Allows structures to pass between the neurocranium and the viscerocranium/neck

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15
Q

What are the main structures passing through the foramina, fissures, canals etc. of the fossae of the cranial floor?

A

Cranial nerves

Blood vessels

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16
Q

What do cranial nerves pass between?

A

Brain, brainstem
and
Face, neck

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17
Q

What runs in the grooves of the cranial floor?

A

Dural venous sinuses

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18
Q

What are the layers of the bones of the calvaria?

A

Periosteum

Outer table

Diploic cavity

Inner table

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19
Q

What is the outer table of the calvaria bones made up of?

A

Compact bone

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20
Q

What is the diploic cavity of the calvaria bones made up of?

A

Spongey bone

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21
Q

What is the inner table of the calvaria bones made up of?

A

Compact bone

22
Q

What is the advantage of the cross-sectional structure of the calvaria bones?

A

Protective strength

without significant weight

23
Q

What do the layers of the bones of the calvaria look like on a CT scan?

A

Inner and outer tables appear white/light grey

Diploic cavity appears darker grey

24
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

The part of the skull that makes up the face and the jaw

25
Q

What does the viscerocranium contain and protect?

A

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses

26
Q

What is the name of the joints between the bones of the skull?

A

Sutures

27
Q

What type of joint are sutures?

A

Fibrous joints

28
Q

What shape are sutures?

A

Irregular lines

29
Q

What is the advantage of sutures being shaped as irregular lines?

A

Prevents slippage and movement of bones along each other

30
Q

What do sutures look like on a CT scan?

A

Look like fractures (but are not!)

31
Q

When does bone growth at sutures occur?

A

Between birth and puberty

32
Q

What happens to sutures after puberty?

A

They ossify from the endosteum to the periosteum

33
Q

What does the periosetum do at sutures?

A

Tightly adhered to suture line

Continues running through the suture, to become the endosteum covering the inner surface of the bone

34
Q

What is the clinical significance of the periosteum tightly adhering to suture lines?

A

If there is haemorrhage beneath the periosteum
it can only occur above that bone of the skull, cannot enter the skull
because it cannot pass across the suture line

35
Q

What is it called when a haemorrhage occurs beneath the periosteum?

A

Sub-periosteal haemorrhage

36
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Large areas of membrane

between the bones of the calvaria

37
Q

What is the advantage of fontanelles?

A

Allow for alteration of skull size and shape
assists with deliver through birth canal
allows brain and associated structures to grow within it in infancy

38
Q

What age group have fontanelles?

A

0-2 years

39
Q

What are the two main fontanelles in infants?

A

Anterior fontanelle

Posterior fontanelle

40
Q

What is the shape of the anterior fontanelle normally?

A

Convex when palpating it

41
Q

Where is the anterior fontanelle located?

A

Same place as adult bregma

42
Q

How is the anterior fontanelle examined clinically?

A

Inspection and gentle palpation

43
Q

What information can examination of the anterior fontanelle give?

A

Intracranial pressure

State of hydration

44
Q

What causes a bulging fontanelle?

A

Raised intracranial pressure

45
Q

What causes a sunken fontanelle?

A

Dehydration

46
Q

Where is the posterior fontanelle located?

A

Same place as adult lambda

47
Q

When does the anterior fontabelle complete intramembranous ossification?

A

Approximately 1.5 years - 2 years

48
Q

When does the posterior fontanalle complete intramembranous ossification?

A

Approximately 1-3 months

49
Q

What is craniosyntosis?

A

Early ossification of fontanelles and sutures

50
Q

What are the consequences of craniosyntosis?

A

Alters shape of skull

Prevents growth of brain

51
Q

What do the fossae of the cranial floor contain?

A

Each hold different parts of the brain and its associated structures

52
Q

What are the differences between the adult and foetal skull?

A

Foetal skull has a larger neurocranium compared to its viscerocranium

Foetal skull lacks erupted teeth, mastoid process and styloid process

Head and Neck (54 decks)

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