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Head and Neck > Anatomy of the eye > Flashcards

Anatomy of the eye Flashcards

1
Q

What is the orbit?

A

Cavity that contains the eye and its associated structures

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2
Q

Where is the orbit located?

A

Upper part of facial skeleton

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3
Q

What shape is the orbit?

A

Pyramid shaped

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4
Q

What are the parts of the orbit? What are their relative positions?

A

Apex - posteriorly

Base - anteriorly

Walls

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5
Q

What is located at the apex of the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure

Optic canal

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6
Q

What forms the margins of the base of the orbit?

A

Orbital rim

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7
Q

What are the walls of the orbit?

A

Roof

Floor

Medial

Lateral

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8
Q

What forms the roof of the orbit?

A

The frontal bone

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9
Q

What forms the floor of the orbit?

A

The maxilla

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10
Q

What forms the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid bone

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11
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic bone

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12
Q

What is located above the roof the orbit?

A

Anterior cranial fossa

frontal lobe

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13
Q

Which walls of the orbit are the weakest?

A

Medial wall

Floor

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14
Q

Why is the medial wall of the orbit relatively weaker?

A

Because it is mostly made up of the ethmoid bone which contains the ethmoidal air sinuses

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15
Q

Why is the floor of the orbit relatively weaker?

A

Because it is mostly made up of the maxillary bone which contains the maxillary air sinus

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16
Q

What are the contents of the orbital cavity?

A

Eye

Extrinsic ocular muscles

Neurovascular supply

Lacrimal apparatus

Orbital fat

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17
Q

What is another term for palpabrae?

A

Eyelids

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18
Q

What are the functions of the palpabrae?

A

Protect the eye from drying out

Protect eye when palpebral fissure is closed

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19
Q

What are the palpabrae made up of?

A

Tarsal plates

Muscles

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20
Q

What are tarsal plates made up of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

Mebomian glands at edges

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21
Q

What is the function of the tarsal plates?

A

Make eyelids firm

Give shape to eyelids

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22
Q

What lies between the orbital contents and the orbicularis oculi?

A

Orbital septum

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23
Q

What is the orbital septum?

A

Sheet of fibrous tissue

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24
Q

What does the orbital septum attach to?

A

Orbital rim

Tarsal plates

Tendon of levator palpabrae superioris muscle

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25
Q

What is the pre-septal space?

A

Tissues in front of the orbital septum

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26
Q

What is the post-septal space?

A

Tissues behind the orbital septum

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27
Q

What are the muscles of the eyelids?

A

Levator palpabrae superioris

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28
Q

What is the function of the Mebomian glands?

A

Produce oily secretion

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the oily secretion produced by the Mebomian glands?

A

Lubricates edge of eyelids

Mix with tear film over eye
prevent tears from evaporating too quickly
prevent tear spillage

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30
Q

What part of the eye does the conjunctiva cover?

A

Sclera

Inner surface of eyelid

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31
Q

What does the conjunctiva lining the sclera and the inner surface of the eyelid form?

A

The conjunctival sac

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32
Q

What part of the eye does the conjunctiva not cover?

A

Cornea

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33
Q

What is the conjunctiva made up of?

A

Mucous membrane

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34
Q

What are the functions of the conjunctiva?

A

Produces mucous and tears

to lubricate the cornea

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35
Q

What is the relative blood supply of the conjunctiva?

A

Good blood supply

lots of small blood vessels supplying it

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36
Q

What are the parts of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Lacrimal gland

Lacrimal sac

Nasolacrimal duct

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37
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Fossa in superolateral orbit

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38
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal gland?

A

Produce tears

lubricate conjunctiva and cornea of eye, prevent them drying out

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39
Q

What happens to fluid from the lacrimal gland?

A

Passes into conjunctival sac
travels to medial angle of eye
drains into lacrimal sac
drains into nasolacrimal duct into nasal cavity

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40
Q

What is the innervation of the lacrimal gland?

A

Parasympathetic
via greater petrosal nerve of CN7 facial nerve
then opathalmic branches of CN5 trigeminal nerve

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41
Q

What is the role of blinking in lubrication of the surface of the eye?

A

Washes tear film across conjunctiva and cornea

moves any particles to medial angle of eye to be removed

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42
Q

What is the blood supply of the eye?

A

Internal carotid artery

opthalmic artery

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43
Q

What is the venous drainage of the eye?

A

Superior and inferior opthalmic veins

into cavernous sinus, pterygoid venous plexus

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44
Q

What innervates the eye?

A

General sensory - opthalmic branch of CN5 trigeminal

Special sensory - CN2 optic nerve

Motor - CN3 oculomotor, CN4 trochlear and CN6 abducens

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45
Q

What is the position of the eyeball in the orbital cavity?

A

Suspended in the orbital cavity

not resting on the floor of the orbital cavity

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46
Q

What suspends the eyeball in the orbital cavity?

A

Suspensory ligament

Rectus muscles

Orbital fat

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47
Q

How does the suspensory ligament of the orbital cavity relate to the eyeball?

A

Suspensory ligament runs inferiorly to the eyeball

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48
Q

How many layers of the eyeball are there?

49
Q

What are the layers of the eyeball?

A

Sclera, cornea

Choroid, ciliary body, iris

Retina

50
Q

What is the sclera of the eye?

A

White of the eye

51
Q

What is the sclera made up of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

52
Q

What are the functions of the sclera?

A

Give shape to eyeball

Attachment for extra-ocular muscles

53
Q

What is the relationship between the sclera and cornea?

A

Sclera continues anteriorly as cornea

54
Q

What is the sclera continuous with apart from the cornea?

A

Dura surrounding optic nerve

55
Q

What is the cornea of the eye?

A

Transparent part of the eye anteriorly

56
Q

What is the relative blood supply of the cornea?

A

It is avascular

57
Q

What is the importance of the cornea being transparent and avascular?

A

So light can pass through

58
Q

How are the choroid, ciliary body and iris related to each other?

A

Choroid continues anteriorly as ciliary body and iris

ciliary body connects the choroid and the iris together

59
Q

What is the relative blood supply of the choroid and ciliary body?

A

Good blood supply

60
Q

What is the iris made up of?

A

Contains smooth muscle

  • sphincter pupillae
  • dilator pupillae

Contains pupil

61
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Hole in the middle of the iris

62
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Light rays pass through it onto lens

63
Q

What is the ciliary body made up of?

A

Ciliary muscle

Ciliary processes

64
Q

What does the ciliary body attach to?

A

Choroid, iris

Lens

65
Q

How does the ciliary body attach to the lens?

A

Suspensory ligaments

66
Q

What is the lens?

A

Transparent biconvex structure

67
Q

What surrounds the lens?

68
Q

What is the blood supply of the lens?

69
Q

What is the importance of the lens being transparent and avascular?

A

So light rays can pass through it

70
Q

What effect does contraction of the ciliary muscle have on the lens?

A

Moves towards middle
decreases tension on suspensory ligaments
lens thickens

71
Q

What effect does relaxation of the ciliary muscle have on the lens?

A

Moves outwards
increases tension on suspensory ligaments
lens thins

72
Q

How many layers is the retina made up of?

73
Q

What are the layers of the retina?

A

Inner photosensitive layer

Outer pigmented layer

74
Q

What is the inner photosensitive layer of the retina made up of?

A

Rod and cone cells

75
Q

What is the outer pigmented layer of the retina made up of?

A

Cells that contain melanin

76
Q

What is the function of the rod and cone cells?

A

Detect and respond to light

77
Q

What is the function of melanin in the outer pigmented layer of the retina?

A

Absorbs scattered light passing into the eye

focussing light on the retina

78
Q

Where are cone cells most concentrated on the retina?

79
Q

If the eye looks directly at an object, what part of the retina is light focussed onto?

80
Q

What does the macula look like on a fundoscope?

A

Darker area of retina

81
Q

How do rod and cone cells respond to light?

A

Generate action potentials

82
Q

What are the relative positions of the macula and the optic disc?

A

Macula is lateral to optic disc

83
Q

What is the middle of the macula called?

84
Q

Where are rod cells most concentrated on the retina?

A

Towards the peripheries

85
Q

What features of vision are the cone cells responsible for?

A

High visual acuity

Colour vision

86
Q

What features of vision are the rod cels responsible for?

A

Vision in low-intensity light

87
Q

What is the fovea made up of?

A

Only cone cells, no rod cells

88
Q

Where are action potentials generated by rod and cone cells carried to?

A

Ganglion cells to optic disc

at optic disc is optic nerve

89
Q

What is the optic disc commonly known as? Why?

A

Blind spot

no cone or rod cells at this point, because all action potentials collect here

90
Q

What is the optic disc cup?

A

Central depression on optic disc

92
Q

What is deep to the inner photosensitive layer of the retina?

A

Vitreous chamber

93
Q

What does the vitreous chamber of the eyeball contain?

A

Vitreous humour

94
Q

What are the other chambers of the eyeball apart from the vitreous chamber?

A

Anterior chamber

Posterior chamber

95
Q

What is the anterior chamber of the eyeball?

A

Space between cornea and iris

96
Q

What is the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

A

Space between iris and lens

97
Q

How do the anterior and posterior chambers relate to each other?

A

Continuous with each other through the pupil

98
Q

What do the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball contain?

A

Aqueous humour

99
Q

What produces the aqueous humour in the anterior and posterior chambers?

A

Ciliary processes of ciliary body

100
Q

What is the direction of flow of the aqueous humour from the ciliary processes?

A

Into the posterior chamber
through the pupil
into the anterior chamber

to the irido-corneal angle
trabecular meshwork
canal of Schlemm

101
Q

What are the functions of the aqueous humour in the anterior and posterior chambers?

A

Nourishment to lens and cornea

because they don’t have a blood supply

102
Q

What is the irido-corneal angle?

A

Space between anterior surface of iris and posterior of cornea
in the upper corner

103
Q

What is the canal of Schlemm?

A

Venous channel

104
Q

What is light focussed on to in the eyeball?

105
Q

How is light focussed onto the retina?

A

Refraction of light

106
Q

What is refraction?

A

Change in direction of light

as it passes from one medium to another of a different density

107
Q

Where does refraction in the eyeball occur?

A

Air to liquid tear film

Through cornea

Lens

Aqueous, vitreous humour

108
Q

Where does most refraction in the eyeball occur?

109
Q

What happens to light rays hitting the eye from objects at different distances from the eye?

A

As object gets closer to the eye

light rays become more divergent

110
Q

What is the significance of light rays hitting the eye from nearer objects being more divergent?

A

Need more refraction to focus them onto the retina

111
Q

What is responsible for changing the amount of refraction of light rays to focus them onto the retina?

A

Accommodation reflex

112
Q

What information does the optic nerve carry in the accommodation reflex?

A

Out of focus image

113
Q

What motor information does the CN3 oculomotor nerve carry in the accommodation reflex?

A

Sphincter pupillae muscle constricts pupil

Ciliary muscle thickens lens

Medial recti muscles converge the eyes

114
Q

What is the purpose of the eyes converging in the accommodation reflex?

A

So that the image is focussed on the same point of the retina in both eyes

115
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the accommodation reflex?

A

Sensory - CN2 optic nerve

Motor - CN3 oculomotor nerve including its autonomic parasympathetic fibres

116
Q

What is the purpose of the pupil constricting in the accommodation reflex?

A

So light rays pass through the centre of the lens

117
Q

What does the optic disc look like on a fundoscope?

A

Pale area on retina

118
Q

What other structures enter and leave at the optic disc apart from the optic nerve?

A

Retinal artery

Retinal vein

119
Q

What is the accommodation reflex?

A

Looking at object closer to eye makes pupil constrict, eyes converge and lens become more biconvex

Head and Neck (54 decks)

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