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Head and Neck > Arteries of head and neck > Flashcards

Arteries of head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main arteries supplying the head and neck?

A

Common carotid arteries

Vertebral arteries

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2
Q

What do the common carotid arteries arise from?

A

Right common carotid artery arises as medial branch from brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery arises as last branch from aortic arch

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3
Q

Is the right common carotid artery longer or the left common carotid artery? Why?

A

Left common carotid artery

because it arises directly from the arch of the aorta

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4
Q

What is the surface landmark as to where the brachiocephalic trunk divides into the right common carotid artery?

A

Right sternoclavicular joint

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5
Q

Where does the common carotid artery travel after it has arisen?

A

Ascends up the neck

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6
Q

How does the common carotid artery ascend up the neck?

A

In the carotid sheath

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7
Q

What are the branches of the common carotid artery?

A

Internal carotid artery

External carotid artery

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8
Q

Where in the neck itself does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries?

A

Carotid triangle

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9
Q

At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate into the internal and external carotid arteries?

A

C4

Superior margin of thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

Where can the common carotid artery be palpated?

A

In the carotid triangle just below its bifurcation

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11
Q

Why might palpating a patient’s common carotid artery be avoided?

A

Carotid sinus baroreceptors may be hypersensitive
may result in bradycardia, hypotension
which would lead to underperfusion of brain, syncope

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12
Q

What is located at the bifurcation of the common artery between the internal and external carotid arteries?

A

Carotid body

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13
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

Group of chemoreceptors

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14
Q

What is the function of the carotid body?

A

Detect changes in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

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15
Q

What is located in the internal carotid artery just after it has arisen?

A

Carotid sinus

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16
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

Swelling in internal carotid artery just after it has arisen

Contains baroreceptors

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17
Q

What is the clinical significance of the carotid sinus?

A

Can massage it

to alleviate supraventricular tachycardias

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18
Q

How does massaging the carotid sinus alleviate supraventricular tachycardias?

A

Increased pressure in carotid sinus
baroreceptor reflex
decreased heart rate

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19
Q

What pathological process occurs at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries as a common site?

A

Atheroma formation

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20
Q

What are the complications of atheromatous plaques at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries?

A

Rupture of plaque, clot formation
rupture of clot, embolus
gives transient ischaemic attack or stroke

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21
Q

How can atheromatous plaques at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries be treated?

A

Carotid end arterectomy

which is where an incision is made into the common carotid artery, and the plaque is physically removed

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22
Q

What are the risks of a carotid end arterectomy?

A

Damage to internal jugular vein

Damage to vagus nerve, hypoglossal nerve

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23
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery travel in the neck?

A

Ascends up the neck

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24
Q

How does the internal carotid artery ascend up the neck?

A

In the carotid sheath

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25
Q

What does the internal carotid artery enter after the neck?

A

Cranial cavity

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26
Q

How does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

Through carotid canal of petrous part of temporal bone

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27
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery travel in the cranial cavity?

A

Travels antero-medially
then through cavernous sinus
then turns on itself to travel postero-superiorly

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28
Q

What does the internal carotid artery do in the cranial cavity?

A

Gives off branches

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29
Q

What is the first branch of the internal carotid artery?

A

Opthalmic artery

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30
Q

What are some important branches of the ophthalmic artery?

A

Central retinal artery

Supra-orbital artery

Supra-trochlear artery

Anterior ethmoidal arteries

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31
Q

What is the blood supply of the retina?

A

Only the central retinal artery

so it is a true anatomical end artery

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32
Q

What is the clinical significance of the central retinal artery being an end artery?

A

Blockage of this artery gives loss of blood supply to retina, become ischaemic hypoxic
immediate loss of vision on that side

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33
Q

What are the causes of blockage to the central retinal artery? Which is the most common cause?

A

Thrombus

Embolism, from atherosclerotic plaque in carotid artery - most common cause

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34
Q

Where does the external carotid artery travel in the neck?

A

Ascends up the neck

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35
Q

How does the external carotid artery ascend up the neck?

A

Posteriorly to condylar process of the mandible

Anteriorly to the lobule of the ear

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36
Q

What does the external carotid artery do in the neck?

A

Gives off branches

37
Q

What branches does the external carotid artery give off in the neck, in the order that they arise?

A

Superior thyroid artery

Ascending pharyngeal artery

Lingual artery

Facial artery

Occipital artery

Posterior auricular artery

Maxillary artery

Superficial temporal artery

38
Q

Where does the external carotid artery end?

A

Parotid gland

39
Q

How does the external carotid artery end in the parotid gland?

A

Divides into its terminal branches

the maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

40
Q

What does the superior thyroid artery supply?

A

Superior pole of thyroid gland

41
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply?

A

Pharynx

42
Q

What does the lingual artery supply?

A

The tongue

43
Q

What does the occipital artery supply?

A

Scalp

44
Q

What does the posterior aricular artery supply?

A

Scalp

45
Q

What does the maxillary artery supply?

A

Deep face structures

46
Q

What does the superficial temporal artery supply?

A

Scalp

47
Q

What are the other arteries supplying the scalp, apart from the superficial temporal, occipital and posterior auricular arteries?

A

Supra-orbital artery

Supra-trochlear artery

48
Q

What does the supra-orbital artery arise from?

A

Opthalmic artery

49
Q

What does the supra-trochlear artery arise from?

A

Opthalmic artery

50
Q

Where does the facial artery travel in the face?

A

Over inferior border of mandible, anterior to masseter muscle

Supero-medially to medial angle of eye

51
Q

Where is the facial artery palpated?

A

Inferior border of mandible, anterior to masseter

52
Q

What does the facial artery do in the face?

A

Gives off branches

53
Q

What are the branches of the facial arteries in the face, in the order that they arise?

A

Inferior labial artery

Superior labial artery

Lateral nasal artery

Angular artery

54
Q

Where does the inferior labial artery travel in the face?

A

Below the lower lip

55
Q

Where does the superior labial artery travel in the face?

A

Above the upper lip

56
Q

Where does the lateral nasal artery travel in the face?

A

Towards middle of nose

57
Q

Where does the angular artery travel in the face?

A

To the medial angle of the eye

58
Q

Where does the maxillary artery travel in the face?

A

Deep to the superior ramus of the mandible

over the maxilla below the eye

59
Q

What does the maxillary artery do in the face?

A

Gives off branches

60
Q

What are the important branches of the maxillary artery?

A

Middle meningeal artery

Sphenopalatine artery

61
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery travel after it arises?

A

Through the foramen spinosum

into the cranial cavity

62
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery do in the cranial cavity?

A

Divides into an anterior branch and a posterior branch

63
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery supply?

A

Calvaria

Dura

64
Q

Where does the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery travel after it arises?

A

Deep to the pterion

65
Q

How does the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery affect the inner surface of the calvaria?

A

Forms a groove within it

66
Q

What is the clinical significance of the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery?

A

Fracture of pterion, which is the weakest part of the skull
could rupture the middle meningeal artery
giving an extra-dural haemorrhage

67
Q

Where does the sphenopalatine artery travel after it arises?

A

Through the sphenopalatine fossa

to the nasal septum

68
Q

What is the blood supply to the nasal septum?

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus

69
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s plexus?

A

Anastamosis of arteries in nasal septum

70
Q

What are the most important branches of Kiesselbach’s plexus?

A

Sphenopalatine artery - septal branch

Anterior ethmoidal arteries

71
Q

Where do the anterior ethmoidal arteries arise from?

A

Opthalmic artery

72
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Kiesselbach plexus?

A

Leakage from this plexus is most commonly the cause of epistaxis

73
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nosebleed

74
Q

What are the branches of the subclavian artery, in the order they arise?

A

Vertebral artery

Internal thoracic artery

Thyrocervical trunk

75
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries travel after they arise?

A

Ascend up the neck

76
Q

How do the vertebral arteries ascend up the neck?

A

Through the transverse foramina of C1-C6

77
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the subarachnoid space?

A

Between the occipital bone and the atlas

78
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter after the neck?

A

The subarachnoid space

The cranial cavity

79
Q

What do the vertebral arteries do in the cranial cavity?

A

Join together to form the basilar artery

80
Q

How do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity?

A

Through the foramen magnum

81
Q

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

The brain

82
Q

Where does the basilar artery travel?

A

Along the anterior aspect of the brainstem

83
Q

What does the thyrocervical trunk divide into, in order?

A

Suprascapular arteries

Transverse cervical artery

Inferior thyroid artery

84
Q

What do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

Posterior neck

Posterior parts of brain, so the brainstem and cerebellum

85
Q

What does the inferior thyroid artery do?

A

Supplies the inferior pole of the thyroid gland

Gives off ascending cervical artery

86
Q

What do the ascending and transverse cervical arteries supply?

A

Neck

87
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries travel after they arise?

A

Run in an inferior direction, laterally to the sternum

88
Q

What do the internal thoracic arteries do?

A

Give off anterior intercostal arteries

89
Q

What do the internal thoracic arteries end as?

A

Superior epigastric arteries

Head and Neck (54 decks)

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