Skill continuums and transfer of skills

Question 1

What are the 7 characteristics of skill?

Answer 1

Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Learned
Accurate
Goal directed

Question 2

Define an open skill and give an example

Answer 2

Skill affected by the environment (perceptual)
e.g. receiving a pass in hockey

Question 3

Define a closed skill and give an example

Answer 3

Skill is not affected by the environment (habitual)
e.g. forward roll in gymnastics

Question 4

Define a gross skill and give an example

Answer 4

Involves large muscle groups when performing the skill
e.g. sprint start out the blocks

Question 5

Define a fine skill and give an example

Answer 5

Small muscles used to perform a skill requiring precision
e.g. table tennis serve

Question 6

Define a self-paced skill and give an example

Answer 6

Performer is in control of the speed and timing of the skill
e.g. darts throw

Question 7

Define a externally-paced skill and give an example

Answer 7

Performer has no control over the speed and timing of the skill
e.g. sprint start out the blocks

Question 8

Define a highly organised skill and give an example

Answer 8

Skill is difficult to break down into sub-routines as they’re closely integrated
e.g. sprint start out the blocks

Question 9

Define a low-organised skill and give an example

Answer 9

Skill can easily be broken down into sub-routines
e.g. back crawl in swimming

Question 10

Define a simple skill and give an example

Answer 10

Limited decision making required
e.g. forward roll

Question 11

Define a complex skill and give an example

Answer 11

Several decisions must be made
e.g. pole vault

Question 12

Define a discrete skill and give an example

Answer 12

Skill has clear beginning and end (can be repeated)
e.g. tennis serve

Question 13

Define a continuous skill and give an example

Answer 13

Skill has no clear beginning or end with no clear sub-routines
e.g. cycling

Question 14

Define a serial skill and give an example

Answer 14

When a number of discrete skills are performed in a sequence
e.g. hop, step and jump in a triple jump

Question 15

Define bilateral transfer and give a sporting example

Answer 15

Transference of a skill from one side of the body to the opposite side of the body
e.g. learning to throw with your left / non-dominant hand after learning to throw with your right / dominant hand

Question 16

Define positive transfer and give a sporting example

Answer 16

Learning one skill facilitates the learning of another skill
e.g. throwing overarm helps when learning to serve in volleyball

Question 17

How can a coach encourage a positive transfer of learning?

Answer 17

Ensuring first skill is well learnt
Slow planned progression
Use rewards as a sense of encouragement

Question 18

Define negative transfer and give a sporting example

Answer 18

Learning one skill inhibits the learning of another skill
e.g. forehand drive in tennis hinders the forehand clear in badminton

Question 19

Define zero transfer and give a sporting example

Answer 19

One skill has no effect on the other
e.g. rugby tackle has no effect on a pass in hockey

Question 20

State 2 ways a coach can encourage positive transfer of learning (2)

Answer 20

Making training realistic
Rewards / reinforcement
Ensuring skill is well learnt
Slow planned progression