Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Describe the difference between health and fitness
Health = a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing
Fitness = the ability to meet the demands of the environment
Explain the term anticipatory rise
Release of adrenaline prior to exercise, increasing arousal levels which in turn increases heart rate
How does the redistribution of blood occur during exercise?
Via the vascular shunt mechanism
Blood is redirected to the working muscles during exercise to meet their oxygen demand
More blood goes to the heart to beat faster with more force
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves control heart rate during a match?
Sympathetic slows heart rate
Parasympathetic speeds up heart rate
Explain how the different receptors increase heart rate during exercise
Chemoreceptors detect increase in bloody acidity which travels via the cardiac control centre to sympathetic system where the SAN increases HR
Baroreceptors detect decrease in blood pressure as exercise increases which travels via the cardiac control centre to parasympathetic system where the SAN decreases HR
Proprioceptors detect increase in muscle movement which travels via the cardiac control centre to sympathetic system where the SAN increases HR
Explain the causes of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the right and its effect on delivering oxygen to the muscles
Increases in blood temp (allows oxygen to dissociate more readily)
Partial pressure of blood carbon dioxide increases (oxygen dissociates quicker from Hb)
More carbon dioxide lowers blood pH which increases blood acidity (oxygen dissociates from Hb quicker)
This is known as the Bohr shift
Where is myoglobin found and its role during exercise?
Found in the muscles
Stores oxygen during exercise
Explain how the venous return mechanisms work
Skeletal muscle pump = muscles contract and relax which press on veins that squeeze blood towards the heart
Respiratory Pump = inhaling and exhaling compresses nearby veins that assists blood return to the heart
Pocket valves = ensure blood flows in one direction
How does Starling’s law of the heart increase stroke volume during exercise?
Increased venous return
Greater diastolic filling
Greater cardiac muscle strength / force of contraction
Increased stroke volume
Explain the term cardiovascular drift
Decrease in stroke volume
Increase in heart rate
Sweating reduces blood plasma
Reduces venous return
(must be prolonged exercise in a warm environment)
What is the significance of an increase in a-vO2 difference to a games player?
Difference between oxygen arriving at muscles and venous blood leaving muscles
Exercise increases amount of oxygen inhaled and therefore carbon dioxide exhaled
Larger difference allows more oxygen to be extracted form the blood
State one positive effect that high density lipoproteins have on the body
Remove excess cholesterol
Reduce risk of heart disease
Describe the process of gas exchange at the muscle (3)
O2 diffuses from capillaries to muscles
CO2 diffuses from muscles to capillaries
O2 moves from high pp to low pp
Myoglobin transports and stores O2 in the muscles
Describe the Bohr shift (2)
Increase in H ions
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve moves to the right
Hb has a lower affinity for O2 at the working muscles
Discuss the effectiveness of HIIT as a training method for a games player (4)
For: (3 max)
+ mimics demands of a game
+ improves multiple components of fitness
+ develops performer’s ability to perform skills whilst being fatigued
Against: (3 max)
- not appropriate for every position
- high intensity increases risk of injury
- intensity can negatively impact skill performance
