Principles and theories of learning on performance

Question 1

Describe the characteristics of a cognitive performer

Answer 1

Accurate demonstration necessary
Uncoordinated movements
Reliant on extrinsic feedback
Motor programmes not yet formed

Question 2

Describe the characteristics of an associative performer

Answer 2

Makes fewer mistakes
Developing motor programmes
Smoother / more coordinated movements
Begins to use knowledge of performance

Question 3

Describe the characteristics of an autonomous performer

Answer 3

Movements are fluent + efficient
Fully formed motor programmes
Intrinsic feedback
Concentrates on the finer details

Question 4

What is a learning plateau?

Answer 4

When there are no signs of improvement evident

Question 5

What are the possible causes of a learning plateau?

Answer 5

Loss of motivation
Mental / physical fatigue
Limit of ability reached
Poor coaching
Incorrect goals set

Question 6

What are the possible solutions to a learning plateau?

Answer 6

Set new challenges
Allow more recovery for the performer
Compete against others of similar ability
Alternative coach / coaching methods
Apply SMARTER principle when setting goals

Question 7

Explain the cognitive theory of insight learning (Gestalt)

Answer 7

We learn skills through experiencing the whole skill instead of the isolated sub-routines
Use their insight to adapt to new situations
Performers can be creative without relying on a coach
Improves intrinsic motivation

Question 8

Explain the behaviourism theory of operant conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 8

Learning a skill strengthens the S-R bond
Increases the likelihood of the desired response happening

Question 9

What should a coach to optimise operant conditioning?

Answer 9

Use trial and error
Manipulate the environment to ensure the desired response
Offer positive reinforcement and a punishment

Question 10

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 10

Endorsing a performer’s action when it is correct
So they repeat that action in the future

Question 11

What’s the difference between negative reinforcement and a punishment?

Answer 11

Negative reinforcement = saying nothing when a correct action is performed
Criticises incorrect actions
Punishment = method of eliminating undesirable actions

Question 12

Explain Bandura’s model of observational learning

Answer 12

We learn by watching and replicating the actions of other ‘model’ performers
‘models’ = significant others

Question 13

What are the 4 main stages of observational learning?

Answer 13

1. Attention = coach points out cues demonstration
2. Retention = remembering demonstration
3. Motor production = must be able to copy demonstration
4. Motivation = determination to learn skill

Question 14

Explain Vygotsky’s social development theory

Answer 14

Learning is a social process
Social interactions are key to an individual’s development

Question 15

What are the 3 main stages of the social development theory?

Answer 15

1. Role of social interaction = inter + intra-psychological learning
2. More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) = person with greater understanding than you
3. Zones of proximal development
   Achieve independently without assistance?
   Achieve with help from MKO?
   Cannot complete even with coach?

Question 16

Define motor reproduction (1)

Answer 16

When a performer is physically able to copy the skill