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BIOL 1410 > Skeletal System (EXAM #2) > Flashcards

Skeletal System (EXAM #2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of Bones?

A
  1. Compact Bone
  2. Spongy Bone
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2
Q

Bones

A

Subtype of connective tissue

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3
Q

Compact Bone

A

Covers external surfaces of ALL bones (Thin)

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4
Q

What is the structure of Compact Bone?

A

Composed of osteons

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5
Q

What does each Osteon contains?

A
  1. lamellae
  2. Lacunae (with osteocytes)
  3. Canaliculi
  4. Central Canal
  5. Perforating Canal
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6
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric circles of matrix
- Layers

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7
Q

Lacunae (with osteocytes)

A
  • Between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)
  • Empty space if taken out
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8
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other
- Get nutrients

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9
Q

Central Canal

A
  • Contains blood vessels and nerves
  • Lined with endosteum
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10
Q

Perforating Canal

A
  • Perpendicular to central canal
  • Carry blood and nerve supply from periosteum (Surrounding the bone) to central canals and medullary cavity (middle cavity)
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11
Q

What is the structure of Spongy bone like?

A
  • Inside
  • NO osteons
  • Have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae)
  • Canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae
  • Found in:
    • Flat & irregular bone (e.g. skull, ribs, vertebrae)
    • Long bones
      - Epiphyses (ends of the bone top and bottom)
      - Lining medullary cavity
  • Spaces contain bone marrow
    • Red marrow produces blood cells
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12
Q

Anatomical Position

A

feet, face, & palms forward

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13
Q

Examples of Directional Terms

A
  • Anterior/Ventral vs Posterior/Dorsal
  • Proximal vs Distal
  • Medial vs Lateral
  • Superior vs Inferior
  • Superficial vs Deep
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14
Q

Overview of the Skeletal System

A
  • Know if the bones are paired
  • 2 division:
    1. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
    2. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
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15
Q

Axial Skeleton (80 bones)

A
  • Bones that form central core of body
    • Skull
    • Hyoid Bone
    • Vertebral Column
    • Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
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16
Q

Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)

A
  • Limbs and bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles)
    • Pectoral girdle
    • Pelvic girdle
    • Upper limb (arm, forearm, and hand)
    • Lower limb (thigh, leg, and foot)
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17
Q

ARTICULATIONS

A
  • Connections between bones
    • e.g. the humerus articulates with the scapula
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18
Q

What are the 3 main bone groups of the skull?

A
  1. Cranium
    • 8 bones (next to brain)
  2. Facial Bones
    • 14 Bones
  3. Auditory Ossicles
    • 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)
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19
Q

Cranium (Bones)

A
  1. 1 frontal (forehead)
  2. 2 parietal
  3. 2 temporal
  4. 1 sphenoid
  5. 1 ethmoid
    • Forms superior and middle nasal chonchae
  6. 1 occipital
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20
Q

Facial Bones (Bones)

A
  1. 2 nasal
  2. 2 maxillae
  3. 2 zygomatic
  4. 2 lacrimal
  5. 2 palatine
    • The two palatine boned and two maxillae form the hard palate
  6. 2 inferior nasal chonchae
  7. 1 vomer
  8. 1 mandible
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21
Q

Auditory Ossicles (Bones)

A
  • For sound transmission
    • 2 incus
    • 2 malleus
    • 2 stapes
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22
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • No articulations (joints/connections to other bones)
  • Attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing
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23
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • 26 vertebrae
  • Separated into 5 regions:
    1. Cervical (7)
    2. Thoracic (12)
    3. Lumbar (5)
    4. Sacrum (1)
    5. Coccyx (1)
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24
Q

What is the general vertebrae structure?

A
  1. Body
  2. Spinous process (1)
  3. Transverse process (2)
  4. Lamina (2)
  5. Pedicle (2)
  6. Vertebral foramen
  7. Superior and inferior articular facets
  8. Intervertebral foramina
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25
Body
Thick anterior portion
26
Spinous process (1)
Median posterior projection
27
Transverse process (2)
Lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
28
Lamina (2)
Connects the two processes
29
Pedicle (2)
Connects body to transverse process
30
Superior and Inferior Articular Facets
Articulates with vertebrae above and below
31
Intervertebral Foramina
Exit for spinal nerves
32
What are the characteristics of vertebrae by region?
1. Cervical (C1-C7) 2. Thoracic (T1-T12) 3. Lumbar (L1-L5) 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx
33
Cervical (C1-C7)
- C1-C7: All have a transverse foramen in each transverse process (for passage of vertebral arteries) - C1, C2 do not follow general vertebral structure
34
C1 = Atlas
- No body, no spinous process - Articulates with occipital bone of skull - Allows flexion & extension of neck (nodding "yes" motion)
35
C2 = Axis
- Dens (= odontoid process) - Pivot joint around which atlas swivels - Allows rotation of head on neck (shaking head "no" motion)
36
C3-C7
Follow general vertebral structure
37
Thoracic (T1-T12)
ALL articulate with ribs via costal facets
38
Lumbar (L1-L5)
- Support upper body weight - ALL have large bodies & rectangular spinous processes
39
Sacrum
- = 5 fused vertebrae - Articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)
40
Coccyx
- = 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4 - = tailbone
41
Curvature of Spinal Column
- Based on S-shaped lateral view - Cervical and Lumbar regions - Thoracic and Sacrum regions
42
Cervical and Lumbar regions
Have a concave posterior curve
43
Thoracic and Sacrum regions
Have a convex posterior curve
44
What are the 3 abnormal curvature?
1. Scoliosis 2. Kyphosis 3. Lordosis
45
Scoliosis
Spinal column curves laterally
46
Kyphosis
Exaggerated thoracic curve
47
Lordosis
Exaggerated lumbar curve
48
Thoracic Cage
- Protects thoracic organs - Sternum - Ribs
49
Sternum
- Breast Bone - A fusion of 3 bones: 1. Manubrium - superior 2. Body - middle 3. Xiphoid Process - inferior
50
Ribs
- 12 pairs total (articulate with T1-T12) - 7 pairs - 5 pairs
51
7 Pairs (Ribs)
- True ribs (superior) - Attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
52
5 Pairs (Ribs)
- False ribs (inferior) - Ribs 8-10 attach indirectly to sternum via the costal cartillage for rib 7; ribs 11-12 are not attached to sternum = floating ribs
53
Appendicular Skeleton
1. Pectoral Girdle 2. Pelvic Girdle 3. Upper Limb 4. Lower Limb
54
Bones of Pectoral Girdle
1. Clavicle (collarbone) 2. Scapula (shoulder blades)
55
Clavicle
- Articulates with sternum (manubrium) & scapula (acromion process) - Connects axial & appendicular skeletons
56
What are the parts of Scapula?
1. Spine 2. Acromion Process 3. Glenoid Cavity 4. Coracoid Process
57
Spine
Runs along posterior surface of scapula
58
Acromion Process
Articulates with clavicle
59
Glenoid Cavity
Articulates with head of humerus
60
Coracoid Process
Attachment point for muscles of arm and chest
61
What is Pelvic Girdle composed of?
2 os coxae (hip bones) formed by the fusion of 3 bones: 1. ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis
62
Ilium
- Superior - Articulates with sacrum
63
Ischium
Posterior
64
Pubis
- Anterior - Left and right joined by pubic symphysis
65
What are the Pelvic Girdle Joints?
1. Pubic Symphysis 2. Sacroiliac Joint 3. Acetabulum
66
Pubic Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint between the pubic bones
67
Sacroiliac Joint
Sacrum and ilium
68
Acetabulum
Articulates with head of femur
69
Bones in Upper Limb?
1. Humerus 2. Radius & Ulna 3. Carpals 4. Metacarpals 5. Phalanges
70
Humerus
Shoulder to Elbow
71
Radius & Ulna
- Radius: - Lateral - Ulna: - Medial
72
Carpals
- 8 - Wrist
73
Metacarpals
- 5 - Palm
74
Phalanges
- 14 - Digits - Fingers and thumb
75
Bones in the Lower Limb?
1. Femur 2. Patella 3. Tibia & Fibula 4. Tarsals 5. Metatarsals 6. Phalanges
76
Femur
Thigh
77
Patella
Knee cap
78
Tibia & Fibula
- Tibia: - Medial - Fibula: - Lateral
79
Tarsals
- 7 - Talus: - Articulates with tibia - Calcaneus: - Heel bone
80
Metatarsals
- 5 - Sole
81
Phalanges
- 14 - Digits - Toes
82
What are the Long Bone Components?
1. Diaphysis 2. Epiphyses 3. Epiphyseal Plate 4. Epiphyseal Line 5. Medullary Cavity 6. Periosteum 7. Endosteum 8. Articular Cartilage
83
Diaphysis
Shaft (body)
84
Epiphyses
Proximal and distal extremities
85
Epiphyseal Plate
- Hyaline cartilage - used for bone growth (length)
86
Epiphyseal Line
- Replaces plate with bone when growth completed - Plate/line - where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet
87
Medullary Cavity
Red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult
88
Periosteum
- External surface - 2 layers of connective tissue 1. Outer = dense irregular 2. Ineer = mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts - Allows bone to grow in diameter
89
Endosteum
Lines medullary cavity AND canals (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
90
Articular Cartilage
- Hyaline (only at articulation points) - Prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
91
What are Articulations and Joints?
- Point of contact between 2 or more bones - 2 classes 1. Structural 2. Functional
92
Structural Classification
- Anatomical - Based on: - Presence/absence of joint cavity - Type of connective tissue that joint the bones
93
What are the types of Structural Joints?
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
94
Fibrous
- No joint cavity - Fibrous connective tissue - E.g. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)
95
Cartilaginous
- No joint cavity - Cartilage attaches bones - E.g. pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs
96
Synovial
E.g. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
97
What are the Synovial structure?
- Articulating bones are connected by the joint capsule and ligament - Articular cartilage (hyaline) of bone - Space between bones is the joint cavity - Contains synovial fluid - Articular/joint capsule encloses the joint cavity
98
Outer Layer
- Fibrous capsule - Attaches to periosteum
99
Inner Layer
- Synovial membrane (CT only) - Secretes synovial fluid
100
What are the types of Synovial Joints?
- Grouped according to shape of articulating bones 1. Plane/Gliding 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Ball & Socket
101
Plane/Gliding
- Flat surfaces - e.g. sacroiliac
102
Hinge
- Concave/convex surfaces - e.g. elbow, knee
103
Pivot
- Projection in ring - e.g. dens (on axis) in atlas
104
Ball & Socket
- Great freedom of movement - e.g.1: humerus in glenoid fossa - e.g.2: femur in acetabulum (hip)
105
Functional Classification
- Physiological - Based on: - Degree of movement
106
What are the types of Functional Joints?
1. Synarthrotic 2. Amphiarthrotic 3. Diarthrotic
107
Synarthrotic
- Immovable - e.g skull sutures
108
Amphiarthrotic
Slightly moveable - e.g. pubic symphysis
109
Diarthrotic
- Freely movable - e.g. hip, shoulder

BIOL 1410 (26 decks)

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