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BIOL 1410 > Skeletal System (EXAM #2) > Flashcards

Skeletal System (EXAM #2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of Bones?

A
  1. Compact Bone
  2. Spongy Bone
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2
Q

Bones

A

Subtype of connective tissue

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3
Q

Compact Bone

A

Covers external surfaces of ALL bones (Thin)

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4
Q

What is the structure of Compact Bone?

A

Composed of osteons

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5
Q

What does each Osteon contains?

A
  1. lamellae
  2. Lacunae (with osteocytes)
  3. Canaliculi
  4. Central Canal
  5. Perforating Canal
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6
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric circles of matrix
- Layers

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7
Q

Lacunae (with osteocytes)

A
  • Between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)
  • Empty space if taken out
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8
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other
- Get nutrients

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9
Q

Central Canal

A
  • Contains blood vessels and nerves
  • Lined with endosteum
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10
Q

Perforating Canal

A
  • Perpendicular to central canal
  • Carry blood and nerve supply from periosteum (Surrounding the bone) to central canals and medullary cavity (middle cavity)
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11
Q

What is the structure of Spongy bone like?

A
  • Inside
  • NO osteons
  • Have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae)
  • Canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae
  • Found in:
    • Flat & irregular bone (e.g. skull, ribs, vertebrae)
    • Long bones
      - Epiphyses (ends of the bone top and bottom)
      - Lining medullary cavity
  • Spaces contain bone marrow
    • Red marrow produces blood cells
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12
Q

Anatomical Position

A

feet, face, & palms forward

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13
Q

Examples of Directional Terms

A
  • Anterior/Ventral vs Posterior/Dorsal
  • Proximal vs Distal
  • Medial vs Lateral
  • Superior vs Inferior
  • Superficial vs Deep
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14
Q

Overview of the Skeletal System

A
  • Know if the bones are paired
  • 2 division:
    1. Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
    2. Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
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15
Q

Axial Skeleton (80 bones)

A
  • Bones that form central core of body
    • Skull
    • Hyoid Bone
    • Vertebral Column
    • Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
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16
Q

Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)

A
  • Limbs and bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles)
    • Pectoral girdle
    • Pelvic girdle
    • Upper limb (arm, forearm, and hand)
    • Lower limb (thigh, leg, and foot)
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17
Q

ARTICULATIONS

A
  • Connections between bones
    • e.g. the humerus articulates with the scapula
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18
Q

What are the 3 main bone groups of the skull?

A
  1. Cranium
    • 8 bones (next to brain)
  2. Facial Bones
    • 14 Bones
  3. Auditory Ossicles
    • 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)
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19
Q

Cranium (Bones)

A
  1. 1 frontal (forehead)
  2. 2 parietal
  3. 2 temporal
  4. 1 sphenoid
  5. 1 ethmoid
    • Forms superior and middle nasal chonchae
  6. 1 occipital
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20
Q

Facial Bones (Bones)

A
  1. 2 nasal
  2. 2 maxillae
  3. 2 zygomatic
  4. 2 lacrimal
  5. 2 palatine
    • The two palatine boned and two maxillae form the hard palate
  6. 2 inferior nasal chonchae
  7. 1 vomer
  8. 1 mandible
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21
Q

Auditory Ossicles (Bones)

A
  • For sound transmission
    • 2 incus
    • 2 malleus
    • 2 stapes
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22
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • No articulations (joints/connections to other bones)
  • Attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing
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23
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • 26 vertebrae
  • Separated into 5 regions:
    1. Cervical (7)
    2. Thoracic (12)
    3. Lumbar (5)
    4. Sacrum (1)
    5. Coccyx (1)
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24
Q

What is the general vertebrae structure?

A
  1. Body
  2. Spinous process (1)
  3. Transverse process (2)
  4. Lamina (2)
  5. Pedicle (2)
  6. Vertebral foramen
  7. Superior and inferior articular facets
  8. Intervertebral foramina
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25
Q

Body

A

Thick anterior portion

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26
Q

Spinous process (1)

A

Median posterior projection

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27
Q

Transverse process (2)

A

Lateral bony projections for muscle attachment

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28
Q

Lamina (2)

A

Connects the two processes

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29
Q

Pedicle (2)

A

Connects body to transverse process

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30
Q

Superior and Inferior Articular Facets

A

Articulates with vertebrae above and below

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31
Q

Intervertebral Foramina

A

Exit for spinal nerves

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of vertebrae by region?

A
  1. Cervical (C1-C7)
  2. Thoracic (T1-T12)
  3. Lumbar (L1-L5)
  4. Sacrum
  5. Coccyx
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33
Q

Cervical (C1-C7)

A
  • C1-C7: All have a transverse foramen in each transverse process (for passage of vertebral arteries)
  • C1, C2 do not follow general vertebral structure
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34
Q

C1 = Atlas

A
  • No body, no spinous process
  • Articulates with occipital bone of skull
    • Allows flexion & extension of neck (nodding “yes” motion)
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35
Q

C2 = Axis

A
  • Dens (= odontoid process)
  • Pivot joint around which atlas swivels
    • Allows rotation of head on neck (shaking head “no” motion)
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36
Q

C3-C7

A

Follow general vertebral structure

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37
Q

Thoracic (T1-T12)

A

ALL articulate with ribs via costal facets

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38
Q

Lumbar (L1-L5)

A
  • Support upper body weight
  • ALL have large bodies & rectangular spinous processes
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39
Q

Sacrum

A
  • = 5 fused vertebrae
  • Articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)
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40
Q

Coccyx

A
  • = 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4
  • = tailbone
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41
Q

Curvature of Spinal Column

A
  • Based on S-shaped lateral view
    • Cervical and Lumbar regions
    • Thoracic and Sacrum regions
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42
Q

Cervical and Lumbar regions

A

Have a concave posterior curve

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43
Q

Thoracic and Sacrum regions

A

Have a convex posterior curve

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44
Q

What are the 3 abnormal curvature?

A
  1. Scoliosis
  2. Kyphosis
  3. Lordosis
45
Q

Scoliosis

A

Spinal column curves laterally

46
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggerated thoracic curve

47
Q

Lordosis

A

Exaggerated lumbar curve

48
Q

Thoracic Cage

A
  • Protects thoracic organs
    • Sternum
    • Ribs
49
Q

Sternum

A
  • Breast Bone
    • A fusion of 3 bones:
      1. Manubrium - superior
      2. Body - middle
      3. Xiphoid Process - inferior
50
Q

Ribs

A
  • 12 pairs total (articulate with T1-T12)
    • 7 pairs
    • 5 pairs
51
Q

7 Pairs (Ribs)

A
  • True ribs (superior)
  • Attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
52
Q

5 Pairs (Ribs)

A
  • False ribs (inferior)
    • Ribs 8-10 attach indirectly to sternum via the costal cartillage for rib 7; ribs 11-12 are not attached to sternum = floating ribs
53
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A
  1. Pectoral Girdle
  2. Pelvic Girdle
  3. Upper Limb
  4. Lower Limb
54
Q

Bones of Pectoral Girdle

A
  1. Clavicle (collarbone)
  2. Scapula (shoulder blades)
55
Q

Clavicle

A
  • Articulates with sternum (manubrium) & scapula (acromion process)
  • Connects axial & appendicular skeletons
56
Q

What are the parts of Scapula?

A
  1. Spine
  2. Acromion Process
  3. Glenoid Cavity
  4. Coracoid Process
57
Q

Spine

A

Runs along posterior surface of scapula

58
Q

Acromion Process

A

Articulates with clavicle

59
Q

Glenoid Cavity

A

Articulates with head of humerus

60
Q

Coracoid Process

A

Attachment point for muscles of arm and chest

61
Q

What is Pelvic Girdle composed of?

A

2 os coxae (hip bones) formed by the fusion of 3 bones:
1. ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis

62
Q

Ilium

A
  • Superior
  • Articulates with sacrum
63
Q

Ischium

A

Posterior

64
Q

Pubis

A
  • Anterior
  • Left and right joined by pubic symphysis
65
Q

What are the Pelvic Girdle Joints?

A
  1. Pubic Symphysis
  2. Sacroiliac Joint
  3. Acetabulum
66
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joint between the pubic bones

67
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

Sacrum and ilium

68
Q

Acetabulum

A

Articulates with head of femur

69
Q

Bones in Upper Limb?

A
  1. Humerus
  2. Radius & Ulna
  3. Carpals
  4. Metacarpals
  5. Phalanges
70
Q

Humerus

A

Shoulder to Elbow

71
Q

Radius & Ulna

A
  • Radius:
    • Lateral
  • Ulna:
    • Medial
72
Q

Carpals

A
  • 8
  • Wrist
73
Q

Metacarpals

A
  • 5
  • Palm
74
Q

Phalanges

A
  • 14
  • Digits
  • Fingers and thumb
75
Q

Bones in the Lower Limb?

A
  1. Femur
  2. Patella
  3. Tibia & Fibula
  4. Tarsals
  5. Metatarsals
  6. Phalanges
76
Q

Femur

A

Thigh

77
Q

Patella

A

Knee cap

78
Q

Tibia & Fibula

A
  • Tibia:
    • Medial
  • Fibula:
    • Lateral
79
Q

Tarsals

A
  • 7
  • Talus:
    • Articulates with tibia
  • Calcaneus:
    • Heel bone
80
Q

Metatarsals

A
  • 5
  • Sole
81
Q

Phalanges

A
  • 14
  • Digits
  • Toes
82
Q

What are the Long Bone Components?

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphyses
  3. Epiphyseal Plate
  4. Epiphyseal Line
  5. Medullary Cavity
  6. Periosteum
  7. Endosteum
  8. Articular Cartilage
83
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft (body)

84
Q

Epiphyses

A

Proximal and distal extremities

85
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • used for bone growth (length)
86
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A
  • Replaces plate with bone when growth completed
  • Plate/line - where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet
87
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult

88
Q

Periosteum

A
  • External surface
  • 2 layers of connective tissue
    1. Outer = dense irregular
    2. Ineer = mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  • Allows bone to grow in diameter
89
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines medullary cavity AND canals (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts)

90
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • Hyaline (only at articulation points)
  • Prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
91
Q

What are Articulations and Joints?

A
  • Point of contact between 2 or more bones
  • 2 classes
    1. Structural
    2. Functional
92
Q

Structural Classification

A
  • Anatomical
  • Based on:
    • Presence/absence of joint cavity
    • Type of connective tissue that joint the bones
93
Q

What are the types of Structural Joints?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
94
Q

Fibrous

A
  • No joint cavity
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • E.g. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)
95
Q

Cartilaginous

A
  • No joint cavity
  • Cartilage attaches bones
  • E.g. pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs
96
Q

Synovial

A

E.g. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

97
Q

What are the Synovial structure?

A
  • Articulating bones are connected by the joint capsule and ligament
  • Articular cartilage (hyaline) of bone
  • Space between bones is the joint cavity
    • Contains synovial fluid
  • Articular/joint capsule encloses the joint cavity
98
Q

Outer Layer

A
  • Fibrous capsule
  • Attaches to periosteum
99
Q

Inner Layer

A
  • Synovial membrane (CT only)
  • Secretes synovial fluid
100
Q

What are the types of Synovial Joints?

A
  • Grouped according to shape of articulating bones
    1. Plane/Gliding
    2. Hinge
    3. Pivot
    4. Ball & Socket
101
Q

Plane/Gliding

A
  • Flat surfaces
  • e.g. sacroiliac
102
Q

Hinge

A
  • Concave/convex surfaces
  • e.g. elbow, knee
103
Q

Pivot

A
  • Projection in ring
  • e.g. dens (on axis) in atlas
104
Q

Ball & Socket

A
  • Great freedom of movement
  • e.g.1: humerus in glenoid fossa
  • e.g.2: femur in acetabulum (hip)
105
Q

Functional Classification

A
  • Physiological
  • Based on:
    • Degree of movement
106
Q

What are the types of Functional Joints?

A
  1. Synarthrotic
  2. Amphiarthrotic
  3. Diarthrotic
107
Q

Synarthrotic

A
  • Immovable
  • e.g skull sutures
108
Q

Amphiarthrotic

A

Slightly moveable
- e.g. pubic symphysis

109
Q

Diarthrotic

A
  • Freely movable
  • e.g. hip, shoulder

BIOL 1410 (26 decks)

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