Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1410 > Cardiovascular System (Questions - EXAM #2) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Questions - EXAM #2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat.
  • Protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the heart located in the body?

A

In the mediastinum (space between the lungs within the thoracic cavity).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

It is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium (epicardium).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the serous pericardium?

A

It has two layers: the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium, which helps lubricate the heart and reduce friction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium (visceral pericardium), myocardium, endocardium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is found between the two layers of the pericardium?

A

Pericardial cavity with serous fluid, which lubricates the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the heart’s pumping action?

A

Myocardium (cardiac muscle).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which veins carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium?

A

Inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, coronary sinus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which veins carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium?

A

Left and right pulmonary veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What artery exits the right ventricle to carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary trunk (which divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What artery exits the left ventricle to carry oxygenated blood to the body?

A

Aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the interatrial septum?

A

It separates the left and right atria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the interventricular septum?

A

It separates the left and right ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of the cardiac skeleton?

A

It provides structural support for the heart valves and helps prevent simultaneous contraction of the atria and ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton made of?

A

Fibrous connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

They allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles while preventing backflow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference between the bicuspid (mitral) valve and the tricuspid valve?

A

The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle, while the tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the functions of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles in the AV valves?

A

The chordae tendineae prevent the AV valve cusps from eversion (flipping backward), and the papillary muscles anchor the chordae tendineae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

They prevent backflow from the arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk) into the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Contractile cells and conduction system cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of contractile cells in the heart?

A

What is the function of contractile cells in the heart?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do conduction system cells differ from contractile cells?

A

Conduction system cells do not contract; they generate and conduct electrical impulses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are the intercalated discs found, and what is their function?

A

Intercalated discs are found at the junctions of cardiac muscle fibers and allow rapid transmission of electrical impulses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

It generates impulses the fastest and sets the pace of the heart (natural pacemaker).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

It generates impulses the fastest and sets the pace of the heart (natural pacemaker).

A

At the base of the right atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the role of the Bundle of His?

A

It electrically connects the atria to the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are Purkinje fibers responsible for?

A

They carry electrical signals from the apex of the heart upward to the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the purpose of systemic circulation?

A

To deliver oxygenated blood to all other tissues of the body.

32
Q

What vessels carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the organs?

A

The aorta.

33
Q

How do organs exchange gases with the blood in systemic circulation?

A

Oxygen is delivered to the organs via capillaries, and waste products like carbon dioxide are exchanged.

34
Q

What vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the organs to the right atrium?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava.

35
Q

What is the overall route of systemic circulation?

A

From the left ventricle to the right atrium.

36
Q

What are some subdivisions of systemic circulation?

A
  • Cerebral (brain)
  • Hepatic (liver)
  • Coronary (heart)
  • Bronchial (respiratory system)
37
Q

What is coronary circulation responsible for?

A

Supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium).

38
Q

What vessels supply the heart with oxygenated blood?

A

The coronary arteries.

39
Q

What vessels return deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle?

A

The coronary veins, which drain into the coronary sinus.

40
Q

Where does a fetus get oxygen and nutrients, and how does it expel wastes?

A

From the mother’s blood through the placenta, which also expels waste.

41
Q

How do the blood supplies of the fetus and mother interact?

A

The blood supplies are close together but do not mix.

42
Q

What is the purpose of fetal circulation shunts?

A

To bypass the lungs and liver, which are not fully functional in a fetus.

43
Q

What is the function of the umbilical vein in fetal circulation?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal vena cava.

44
Q

How does the ductus venosus contribute to fetal circulation?

A

It connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver.

44
Q

What is the foramen ovale, and what is its function?

A

A hole in the interatrial septum that allows blood to move from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs.

45
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus, and why is it important in fetal circulation?

A

It connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, bypassing the uninflated fetal lungs.

46
Q

What happens to the fetal circulation shunts after birth?

A

All the shunts (ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus) close after birth, as the lungs and liver begin to function.

47
Q

What is the role of the umbilical arteries in fetal circulation?

A

They carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetal heart to the placenta.

48
Q

What is the viscosity of blood compared to water?

A

Blood is more viscous (thicker) than water.

49
Q

What is the normal pH range of blood?

A

The pH range of blood is 7.35 - 7.45.

50
Q

How much blood does an adult typically have?

A

An adult typically has 4 - 6 liters of blood.

51
Q

What are the two main components of blood?

A

Plasma (55-60%) and formed elements (40-45%).

52
Q

What is plasma in blood?

A

Plasma is the fluid portion of blood minus the formed elements, composed mainly of water and proteins.

53
Q

What is the primary component of plasma?

A

Water, making up about 90% of plasma.

54
Q

What is the role of albumins in plasma?

A

Albumins help carry substances like hormones, enzymes, and medicines, and control tissue water balance.

55
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen in plasma?

A

Fibrinogen is involved in clot formation.

56
Q

What do globulins do in plasma?

A

Globulins are involved in immunity, detecting and binding foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses.

57
Q

What are some other solutes found in plasma?

A

Nutrients, vitamins, wastes, electrolytes, blood gases (O2 and CO2).

58
Q

What are the three types of formed elements in blood?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.

59
Q

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells bind to and transport oxygen throughout the body.

60
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells (around 45%).

61
Q

What is the shape of mature red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape.

62
Q

What happens to red blood cells when they mature?

A

Mature red blood cells are anucleate (lack a nucleus and organelles).

63
Q

How long is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells live for about 120 days.

64
Q

What protein do red blood cells contain for oxygen transport?

A

Hemoglobin, which contains iron and binds oxygen.

65
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells defend the body against disease.

66
Q

What are the two main categories of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes.

67
Q

What are neutrophils, and what do they do?

A

Neutrophils are phagocytic and kill bacteria.

68
Q

What do eosinophils target?

A

Eosinophils primarily attack blood parasites.

69
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Basophils release chemicals involved in inflammation and blood clotting during immune responses.

70
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes are involved in immunity and can be T or B lymphocytes. T lymphocytes activate immune responses, while B lymphocytes release antibodies.

71
Q

What are monocytes, and what is their function?

A

What are monocytes, and what is their function?

72
Q

What are platelets?

A

Platelets are cell fragments involved in clotting.

73
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

Platelets have a lifespan of about 10 days if not used for clotting.

74
Q

What is hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)?

A

The formation of blood cells from stem cells.

75
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?

A

In red bone marrow, located in the axial skeleton, pelvic and pectoral girdles, and the proximal ends of the humerus and femur.

76
Q

What is an atrial septal defect?

A

A hole in the interatrial septum, often due to incomplete closure of the foramen ovale.

77
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A buildup of fat deposits in the tunica intima of arteries, leading to narrowing or blockage.

BIOL 1410 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions