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BIOL 1410 > Cardiovascular System (EXAM #2) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (EXAM #2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overview of Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Heart, Blood vessels, Blood
  • Transport: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, heat
  • Protection: disease, fluid loss (clotting)
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2
Q

Heart

A

In a cavity called the mediastinum (= space between lungs within thoracic cavity)

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3
Q

What are the structures of the Heart?

A
  1. Coverings = Pericardium
  2. Heart Wall
  3. Four chambers of the heart and associated blood vessels
  4. Septa (separate chambers)
  5. Cardiac (Fibrous) Skeleton
  6. Valves (for one way flow of blood)
  7. Cardiac Muscle Cells
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4
Q

Coverings = Pericardium

A
  • Double-walled sac surrounding heart
  • 3 layers:
    • Fibrous Pericardium
    • Perietal Pericardium
    • Visceral Pericardium
  • Between pericardial layers = pericardial cavity with serous fluid (lubricates)
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5
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A
  • Outermost layer = dense irregular connective tissue
  • Anchors to surrounding strucutures e.g. diaphragm, great vessels (aorta, Vena Cava, etc)
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6
Q

Perietal Pericardium (Serous Pericardium)

A
  • 2 layers - epithelial & connective
  • Connected to fibrous pericardium
  • Pericardial Sac
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7
Q

Visceral Pericardium (Serous Pericardium)

A
  • = Epicardium
  • 2 layerss - epithelial & connective
  • Fused to heart surface, so is part of heart wall
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8
Q

Heart Wall

A

3 Parts:
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

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9
Q

Epicardium

A

Simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue

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10
Q

Myocardium

A
  • = cardiac muscle
  • Arranged in spiral/circular pattern, reinforced with connective tissue
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11
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue
  • Epithelium named endothelium - lines inner surface of heart and ALL blood vessels
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12
Q

Four chambers of the heart and associated blood vessels

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Left Atrium
  3. Right Ventricle
  4. Left Ventricle
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13
Q

Right Atrium

A
  • Three major veins connected to the right atrium that carry deoxygenated blood into the chamber:
    1. Inferior vena cava (carries blood from body below heart)
    2. Superior vena cava (carries blood from body above heart)
    3. Coronary Sinus (carries blood from the myocardium)
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14
Q

Left Atrium

A
  • 4 veins carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium from the lungs:
    • Left pulmonary veins
    • Right pulmonary veins
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15
Q

Right Ventricle

A

1 artery, the pulmonary trunk exits the right ventricle and then divides to form 2 pulmonary arteries (left and right). These carry deoxygenated blood towards the lungs

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16
Q

Left Ventricle

A

1 artery, the aorta, exits the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all organ systems

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17
Q

Septa (separate chambers)

A
  • Interatrial Septum
    • Separates atria
  • Interventricular Septum
    • Separates ventricles
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18
Q

Cardiac (Fibrous) Skeleton

A
  • Fibrous connective tissue separating atria & ventricles
  • Provides firm attachment point for cardiac muscles
  • Forms solid rings around heart valves, base of aorta and pulmonary trunk that provide structural support for these structures and hold them in place
  • Provides electrical insulation - prevents simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles
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19
Q

Valves (for one way flow of blood)

A
  1. Atrioventricular (AV) valves
  2. Semilunar valves
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20
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A
  1. Bicuspid (mitral) valve
  2. Tricuspid valve
  3. Chordae Tendineae
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21
Q

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

A
  • Between left atrium and left ventricle
  • Has 2 sheet-like cusps composed of connective tissue
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22
Q

Tricuspid valve

A
  • Between right atrium and right ventricle
  • Has 3 sheet-like cusps composed of connective tissue
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23
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A
  • Strings of connective tissue that attach atrioventricular valve cusps to papillary muscles that project from the ventricular myocardium
    • Prevent eversion of cusps
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24
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • 3 cup-like cusps each
    • Aortic
      • Separates left ventricle & aorta
    • Pulmonary
      • Separates right ventricle & pulmonary trunk
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25
Q

Cardiac Muscle Cells

A
  • Includes two cell types:
    • Contractile cells
    • Conduction System cells
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26
Q

Contractile cells

A
  • Forms majority of myocardium
  • Similarities to Skeletal muscle:
    • Striated (myofibrils with sarcomeres)
    • Has sarcoplasmic reticulum & T-tubules
  • Differences:
    • Branched (myofibrils with sarcomeres)
    • Uninucleated discs = region where two fibers meet
    • Contain anchoring and gap junctions
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27
Q

Conduction System cells

A
  • Forms remainder of the myocardium
  • Cardiac muscle cells that are modified to produce and conduct electrical impulses - DO NOT CONTRACT
  • Have many gap junctions that help electrical signals to spread very quickly
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28
Q

What are the parts of Conduction System cells?

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
  4. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle Branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
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29
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • In right atrium at base of superior vena cava
  • Generates impulses the fastest - sets pace
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30
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Base of right atrium

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31
Q

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

A
  • Superior part of interventricular septum
  • Electrically connects atria to ventricles
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32
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle Branches

A

Carry impulse to apex (bottom tip) of the heart

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33
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • Terminal fibers in ventricles (not found in atria) that carry signals from apex upward to all parts of the ventricle
  • NOTE: Electrical signal spreads from conduction system to contractile cardiac cells then they contract
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34
Q

What are the general structures of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica externa - CT
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica intima/interna
  4. Lumen
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35
Q

Tunica Media

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Elastic Fibers (CT)
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36
Q

Tunica intima/interna

A
  • Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium
  • Continous with endocardium
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37
Q

Lumen

A

Contains blood (not a layer!)

38
Q

What are the blood vessels types?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Venules
  5. Veins
39
Q

Arteries

A
  • Carry blood AWAY from heart (does NOT refer to oxygenated or deoxygenated blood)
  • 2 types:
    • Elastic Arteries
    • Muscular Arteries
40
Q

Elastic Arteries

A
  • Large conducting arteries exiting the heart
  • Elastic CT in all 3 layers
  • Largest Arteries (near heart)
  • e.g. Aorta
41
Q

Muscular Arteries

A
  • Smaller Distributing arteries
  • A LOT of smooth muscle
  • Most arteries
  • e.g. Coronary Artery
42
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Little Arteries
  • Regulate blood flow + blood pressure
43
Q

Capillaries

A
  • ONLY tunica intima - endothelium (one cell layer) + basement
  • Allow exchange of gases + nutrients
  • Most have gasps between cells that allow exchange of fluid + solutes with the interstitial fluid
44
Q

Venules

A
  • Collect blood from capillaries
  • Intima (endothelium) with thin media/externa layers
45
Q

Veins

A
  • Carry blood INTO heart (vein) (does not refer to oxygenated or deoxygenated blood)
  • Large lumen
  • Can have one-way valves that prevent backflow of blood
  • Thin media - more connective tissues but less smooth muscle than arteries
46
Q

The Blood Flow

A
  1. Heart
    ↓
  2. Elastic Arteries
    ↓
  3. Muscular Arteries
    ↓
  4. Arterioles
    ↓
  5. Capillaries
    ↓
  6. Venules
    ↓
  7. Veins
    ↓
  8. Heart
47
Q

What is Circulatory Routes?

A
  • Closed, double circulation
  • Closed
    • Blood confined to heart + blood vessels
  • Double
    • 2 routes (pulmonary + systemic)
48
Q

What are the 2 Circulatory Routes?

A
  1. Adult Circulation
  2. Fetal Circulation
49
Q

What are the 3 types of circulation in a Adult Circulation?

A
  1. Pulmonary Circulation
  2. Systemic Circulation
  3. Coronary Circulation
50
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • For oxygenation of the blood
  • Carries blood from right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood)
  • Picks up oxygen in lungs via capillaries
  • Carries blood from lungs to left atria via pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
51
Q

Pulmonary Circulation Cycle

A
  1. Right Ventricle
    ↓ (deoxy)
  2. Pulmonary Arteries
    ↓ (deoxy)
  3. Capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs
    ↓ (oxy)
  4. Pulmonary Veins
    ↓ (oxy)
  5. Left Atrium
52
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • For delivery of oxygenated blood to all other tissues
  • Carries blood from left ventricle to organs via aorta (oxygenated)
  • Organs take up oxygen from blood via capillaries
  • Carries blood from organs to right atrium via superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
  • Overall Route: Left ventricle to right atrium = systemic circulation
53
Q

What are the subdivisions of Systemic Circulation?

A
  • Include routes to individual organs/organ systems, for example:
    • Cerebral = brain
    • Hepatic = liver
    • Coronary = heart
    • Bronchial = parts of respiratory system
    • and many more
54
Q

Coronary Circulation

A
  1. Oxygenated Blood
    - Left ventricle → Aorta
    - Aorta → (right & left) Coronary Arteries
    - Right Coronary Artery → Posterior Interventricular Artery & Marginal Artery
    - Posterior Interventricular Artery & Marginal Artery → Arterioles
    - Left Coronary Artery → Anterior Interventricular Artery & Circumflex Artery
    - Anterior Interventricular Artery & Circumflex Artery → Arterioles
    - Arterioles → Capillaries in myocardium
55
Q

Coronary Circulation (PART 2)

A
  1. Deoxygenated Blood
    - Capillaries in myocardium
    ↓
    - Venules
    ↓
    - Cardiac veins
    ↓
    - Coronary Sinus ( a blood vessel)
    ↓
    - Right atrium
56
Q

Fetal Circulation

A
  • Fetus gets oxygen (O2), nutrients from + expels wastes to mother’s blood
  • Exchange site in the placenta
    • Blood supplies in close together, but do not mix
  • Following birth all shunts normally become closed
57
Q

What are the differences between Fetal Circulation and Adult Circulation?

A
  1. Umbilical Vein
  2. Lungs + Liver are late to develop and their functions handled by the maternal organs
  3. Umbilical Arteries
58
Q

Umbilical Vein

A
  • Towards the fetal heart
  • Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava
59
Q

Lungs + Liver are late to develop and their functions handled by the maternal organs

A
  • 3 shunts allow most blood to bypass these organs (minimal blood flow to these organs for nourishment/growth):
    1. Ductus Venosus
    2. Foramen Ovale
    3. Ductus Arteriosus
60
Q

Ductus Venosus

A
  • Connects umbilical vein (oxygenated blood) to inferior vena cava (deoxygenated blood)
  • Permits most of the oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to bypass the liver capillaries
  • Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes in inferior vena cava and enters fetal right atrium
61
Q

Foramen Ovale

A
  • Hole in interatrial septum
  • Allows blood to move from the Right to Left atrium
  • Bypasses the uninflated fetal lung (fetus is not breathing, so no gas exchange takes place here)
62
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A
  • Connects pulmonary trunk and aorta
  • Bypasses the uninflated fetal lung (fetus is not breathing, so no gas exchange takes place here)
63
Q

Umbilical Arteries

A
  • Away from fetal heart
  • Returns mixed blood to placenta
64
Q

Characteristics of Blood

A
  • Higher viscosity than H2O
  • pH 7.35 - 7.45
  • 4 - 6 L in an adult
65
Q

Composition Overview of Blood

A
  1. Plasma (matrix) makes up ~55-60% of blood volume
    • Fluid Portion with solutes
  2. Formed elements makes up ~40-45% of blood volume
    • Cellular portion
66
Q

Composition Details of Blood

A
  1. Plasma (matrix
  2. Formed Elements
67
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • Matrix
  • = Blood minus formed elements
68
Q

What is Plasma composed of ?

A
  1. H2O - 90%
  2. Proteins - 8%
  3. Other solutes - 2%
69
Q

Proteins - 8% (PART 1)

A
  • Albumins
    • Most plentiful plasma protein
    • Carries substances such as hormones, enzymes and medicines throughout the body
    • Helps control tissue water balance
70
Q

Proteins - 8% (PART 2)

A
  • Fibrinogen
    • Clot formation
  • Globulin
    • Antibodies (immunity) - detect and bind foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses, …)
71
Q

Other solutes - 2%

A
  • Nutrients
  • Vitamins
  • Wastes
  • Electrolytes
  • Blood Gases - Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
72
Q

What are Formed Elements?

A
  1. Red Blood Cells
  2. WBC - Leukocytes
73
Q

Red Blood Cells (PART 1)

A
  • Erythrocytes = most abundant cell type in the body
  • Binds to and transports most of the oxygen in the blood
  • Hematocrit
    • Is the percetage (%) of blood volume that is made up of red blood cells (usually around ~45%)
74
Q

Red Blood Cells (PART 2)

A
  • Have a biconcave disc shape
  • Are anucleate (lack a nucleus and all other organelles) when mature
  • Life span ~120 days
  • Old cells destroyed in the liver & spleen
75
Q

What does Red Blood Cells Contain?

A

Hemoglobin
- Iron-containing pigment protein
- Four globin chains (protein)
- Four iron (Fe) containing heme groups (gives blood its red colour)
- 1 iron per heme
- Site of reversible oxygen (O2) binding

76
Q

WBC - Leukocytes

A
  • Nucleated
  • Life span varies - days to years
  • Defend against disease
  • 2 types:
    1. Granulocytes
    2. Agranulocytes
77
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Contain visible protein granules
  • 3 parts
    1. Neutrophils (~60%)
    2. Eosinophils (~3%)
    3. Basophils (~1%)
78
Q

Neutrophils (~60%)

A
  • All phagocytic (engulf + digest incaders)
  • Kill bacteria
79
Q

Eosinophils (~3%)

A

Predominantly attack blood parasites

80
Q

Basophils (~1%)

A

Release chemicals involved in inflammation and reduction of blood clotting during immune responses

81
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • Lack visible protein granules
  • 2 types:
    • Lymphocytes (~35%)
    • Monocytes (~5%)
82
Q

Lymphocytes

A

For immunity (resistance to disease)

83
Q

What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes?

A
  1. T Lymphocytes
  2. B Lymphocytes
84
Q

T Lymphocytes

A
  • Activate immune response
  • Kill tumor or virus infected/diseased cells directly
85
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Become plasma cells that release antibodies that circulate in the plasma

86
Q

Monocytes (~5%)

A

Enter tissue and enlarge to become macrophages (meaning “big eaters”) phagocytic

87
Q

Platelets

A
  • Fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
  • Involved in clotting
  • Life span = ~ 10 days if not used for clotting
88
Q

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

A
  • = formation of blood cells
  • All blood cells arise indirectly from hemocytoblast cells (which are a type of stem cells) in red bone marrow
    • Red marrow in an adult is located in:
      • Axial skeleton
      • Pelvic + Pectoral girdles
      • Proximal ends of humerus + femur
89
Q

What are the related Medical Conditions?

A
  1. Atrial septal defect
  2. Atherosclerosis
90
Q

Atrial septal defect

A
  • A hole in the interatrial septum
  • Most common type occurs due to incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
91
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of fat deposits in the tunica intima that leads to narrowing or blockage of arteries

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