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BIOL 1410 > Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of an atom?

A
  • all mater, including all parts of the human body, is made from particles called atoms
  • Atoms have three types of subatomic particles:
    • The nucleus of an atom contains:
      1. Protons (+)
      2. Neutrons (-)
    • Orbiting (floating around) the nucleus there are:
      1. Electrons (e^-): negative charge
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2
Q

NOTE: Atoms

A

Atoms are electrically neutral - the number of electrons and protons are equal. Neutrons may not be equal to these (these different forms are referred to as isotopes)

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3
Q

What are Ions?

A
  • If an atom loses or gains an electron, it is no longer neutral and becomes an ion
    • Atom gains electrons it becomes a negative Ion (Anion)
    • Atom loses electrons it becomes a positive Ion (Cation)
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4
Q

What are the Important Ions (also known as electrolytes)?

A
  • Calcium: Ca2+
  • Sodium: Na+
  • Potassium: K+
  • Hydrogen: H+
  • Chloride: Cl-
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5
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

Bond (hold) atoms together to form molecules

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of bonds?

A
  1. Ionic Bond
  2. Covalent Bond
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7
Q

Ionic Bond

A
  • Ions formed
  • Atom to atom transfer of electrons
  • e.g. NaCl
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8
Q

Example of Ionic Bond (NaCl)

A
  • Not all salts are table salt! Salts consist of positively charged Ions (cations) and negatively charged Ions (anions) (e.g. NaCl, KCl)
  • Na loses one electron and becomes Na+
  • Cl hgains one electron and becomes Cl-
  • The positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract forming the bond
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9
Q

Covalent Bond

A
  • Sharing electrons between atoms
  • e.g. O2
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10
Q

What can chemical compounds be?

A
  1. Organic substance
  2. Inorganic Substance
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11
Q

What is Organic Substance ?

A
  • Covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms
  • e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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12
Q

What is Inorganic Substances?

A
  • Usually lack C atoms
  • water (H2O)
  • Salts - consist of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions) (e.g. NaCl)
  • Gases (O2)
  • With the exception of these inorganic compounds which contain carbon atoms:
    • H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
    • HCO3- (Bicarbonate)
    • CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
    • CO (Carbon Monoxide)
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13
Q

What is Water (Inorganic)?

A
  • Most abundant substance in cells
  • 2 Hydrogen (H) atoms and 1 Oxygen (O)
  • Polar molecules -> unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
  • Many reactioins in the body take place in H2O because it is a universal solvent
  • Transports chemicals e.g. O2, nutrients
  • Maintains body temperature (around 37 C)
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14
Q

What are Acid and Bases?

A
  • Can be organic or inorganic
  • Like salts, acids and bases are electrolytes, though they also play a critical role in maintaining the pH balance of cells, organs, and blood within narrow ranges.
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15
Q

Acids

A
  • Dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions
    • ↑H+ = ↓pH (high hydrogen Ion concentrations indicate a low or acidic pH)
    • e.g. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in H2O → H+ + Cl-
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16
Q

Bases

A
  • Substances that bind to (or buffer) free H+ ions (in H2O)
  • ↓H+ = ↑ pH(low hydrogen Ion concentrations indicate a high pH)
  • e.g. 1: NaOH (base) in H2O → Na+ + OH- (hydroxyl ion)
  • e.g. 2: HCO3- (bicarbonates) + H+ →H2CO3 (carbonic acid) → H2O + CO2
  • OH- and HCO3- act as bases by binding to the free H+ Ions.
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17
Q

pH Scale

A
  • A measure of the H+ of free H+ in solution
  • Basic → Acidic ↑H+
  • e.g. pH of blood = 7.35 - 7.45
  • 0 → 7 = Acidic
  • 7 = Neutral
  • 7 → 14 = Basic/Alkaline
  • OH- + H+ →H2O (neutralization)
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18
Q

What are important Organic Substances ?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
  5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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19
Q

What is Carbohydrate?

A
  • Consist of C,H, and O
    • Formula: (CH2O) = [n=#]
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20
Q

What is the Function of Carbohydrate?

A
  1. Source of energy for cells
    • e.g. C6H12O6 (glucose)
  2. Cellular structures
    • e.g. DNA + RNA
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21
Q

How is the naming for Carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
22
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • Simple Sugars
    • e.g. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
    • Basic building blocks of other carbohydrates
23
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
    • e.g. glucose + fructose → sucrose
24
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • Many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together
    • e.g. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)
25
Q

What is Lipids?

A
  • C,H, O (ratio different from carbs)
  • e.g. fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA)
  • Insoluble (nonpolar) in water
26
Q

What is the Function of Lipids ?

A
  • Protect organs (padding)
  • Build cell membranes
  • Source of stored energy
27
Q

What are the Types of Lipids

A
  1. Glycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Steroids
28
Q

Glycerides

A
  • Most common lipid in body and diet
  • Composed of 2 building blocks:
    1. Glycerol (backbone)
    2. Fatty acids (FAs)
29
Q

What are the names for Glycerides?

A
  1. Glycerol + 1 FA = Monoglyceride
  2. Glycerol + 2 FA = Diglyceride
  3. Glycerol + 3 FA = Triglyceride
30
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • 3 building blocks:
    1. Phosphate “Head” Group (polar)
      - Hydrophilic (water soluble)
      1. Glycerol backbone & 3. 2 FAs “tails” (non-polar)
        • Hydrophobic (water insoluble)
31
Q

Cholesterol

A

Found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

32
Q

Steroids

A
  • Derived from cholesterol
  • e.g Bile salts, Vitamin D, some hormones (e.g. testosterone, estrogen)
33
Q

What are Proteins?

A
  • Consists of C, H, O, N, (also sometimes S)
  • e.g. collagen
34
Q

What are the functions of Proteins?

A
  1. Structural material
    • collagen
  2. Enzymes, hormones, transporters
  3. Antibodies
  4. Source of energy (especially when carbs & lipids in low supply)
35
Q

What are the names of Proteins?

A
  1. Amino Acids
  2. Dipeptides
  3. Polypeptides
  4. Protein
36
Q

Amino Acids

A
  • Basic building blocks of all proteins
  • Use the name of aa itself e.g. Glycine
37
Q

Dipeptides

A

Two amino acids joined by peptide bond

38
Q

Polypeptides

A

Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

39
Q

Protein

A

One or more polypeptides folded into its final shape

40
Q

What is Nucleic Acid?

A
41
Q

What are the 2 forms of Nucleic Acid?

A
  1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
42
Q

What does each nucleotide contain?

A
  1. PO4 (Phosphate)
  2. MOnosaccharide (simple sugar)
    • Ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA
  3. Organic bases:
    • Adenine (A)
    • Thymine (T) - DNA Only
    • Uracil (U) - RNA Only
    • Cytosine (C)
    • Guanime (G)
43
Q

What are the structure od Nucleic Acids?

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
44
Q

DNA

A
45
Q

Function of DNA?

A
  • Cellular reproduction
  • Used as a template to make RNA
46
Q

RNA

A
  • PO4 - ribose - A, U, C, or G
  • Single stranded
    • A to U
    • G to C
47
Q

Function of RNA?

A

Protein Synthesis

48
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • Modified RNA nucleotide
  • Energy stored in covalent bonds - powers cellular activities
49
Q

What is the structure of Adenosine Triphosphate?

A
  • adenosine (ribose and adenine) + PO4 (phosphate group
  • ”~” = High Energy Bond ( Adenosine - P~P~P)
  • Breaking bond creates immediately useable energy
  • ATP → ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + Pi (inorganic Phosphate)
50
Q

An Organic molecule could be?

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate
  • One that ionizes in water to release H+
51
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?

A
  • Discharides and lipids are present in the structure of collagen

BIOL 1410 (26 decks)

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