Chemical Level Of Organization

Question 1

What is the structure of an atom?

Answer 1

• all mater, including all parts of the human body, is made from particles called atoms
• Atoms have three types of subatomic particles:
  
  • The nucleus of an atom contains:
    
    1. Protons (+)
    2. Neutrons (-)
  • Orbiting (floating around) the nucleus there are:
    
    3. Electrons (e^-): negative charge

Question 2

NOTE: Atoms

Answer 2

Atoms are electrically neutral - the number of electrons and protons are equal. Neutrons may not be equal to these (these different forms are referred to as isotopes)

Question 3

What are Ions?

Answer 3

• If an atom loses or gains an electron, it is no longer neutral and becomes an ion
  
  • Atom gains electrons it becomes a negative Ion (Anion)
  • Atom loses electrons it becomes a positive Ion (Cation)

Question 4

What are the Important Ions (also known as electrolytes)?

Answer 4

• Calcium: Ca2+
• Sodium: Na+
• Potassium: K+
• Hydrogen: H+
• Chloride: Cl-

Question 5

What are chemical bonds?

Answer 5

Bond (hold) atoms together to form molecules

Question 6

What are the 2 types of bonds?

Answer 6

1. Ionic Bond
2. Covalent Bond

Question 7

Ionic Bond

Answer 7

• Ions formed
• Atom to atom transfer of electrons
• e.g. NaCl

Question 8

Example of Ionic Bond (NaCl)

Answer 8

• Not all salts are table salt! Salts consist of positively charged Ions (cations) and negatively charged Ions (anions) (e.g. NaCl, KCl)
• Na loses one electron and becomes Na+
• Cl hgains one electron and becomes Cl-
• The positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) ions attract forming the bond

Question 9

Covalent Bond

Answer 9

• Sharing electrons between atoms
• e.g. O2

Question 10

What can chemical compounds be?

Answer 10

1. Organic substance
2. Inorganic Substance

Question 11

What is Organic Substance ?

Answer 11

• Covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms
• e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Question 12

What is Inorganic Substances?

Answer 12

• Usually lack C atoms
• water (H2O)
• Salts - consist of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions) (e.g. NaCl)
• Gases (O2)
• With the exception of these inorganic compounds which contain carbon atoms:
  
  • H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)
  • HCO3- (Bicarbonate)
  • CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
  • CO (Carbon Monoxide)

Question 13

What is Water (Inorganic)?

Answer 13

• Most abundant substance in cells
• 2 Hydrogen (H) atoms and 1 Oxygen (O)
• Polar molecules -> unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
• Many reactioins in the body take place in H2O because it is a universal solvent
• Transports chemicals e.g. O2, nutrients
• Maintains body temperature (around 37 C)

Question 14

What are Acid and Bases?

Answer 14

• Can be organic or inorganic
• Like salts, acids and bases are electrolytes, though they also play a critical role in maintaining the pH balance of cells, organs, and blood within narrow ranges.

Question 15

Acids

Answer 15

• Dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions
  
  • ↑H+ = ↓pH (high hydrogen Ion concentrations indicate a low or acidic pH)
  • e.g. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in H2O → H+ + Cl-

Question 16

Bases

Answer 16

• Substances that bind to (or buffer) free H+ ions (in H2O)
• ↓H+ = ↑ pH(low hydrogen Ion concentrations indicate a high pH)
• e.g. 1: NaOH (base) in H2O → Na+ + OH- (hydroxyl ion)
• e.g. 2: HCO3- (bicarbonates) + H+ →H2CO3 (carbonic acid) → H2O + CO2
• OH- and HCO3- act as bases by binding to the free H+ Ions.

Question 17

pH Scale

Answer 17

• A measure of the H+ of free H+ in solution
• Basic → Acidic ↑H+
• e.g. pH of blood = 7.35 - 7.45
• 0 → 7 = Acidic
• 7 = Neutral
• 7 → 14 = Basic/Alkaline
• OH- + H+ →H2O (neutralization)

Question 18

What are important Organic Substances ?

Answer 18

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 19

What is Carbohydrate?

Answer 19

• Consist of C,H, and O
  
  • Formula: (CH2O) = [n=#]

Question 20

What is the Function of Carbohydrate?

Answer 20

1. Source of energy for cells
   
   • e.g. C6H12O6 (glucose)
2. Cellular structures
   
   • e.g. DNA + RNA

Question 21

How is the naming for Carbohydrates?

Answer 21

1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides

Question 22

Monosaccharides

Answer 22

• Simple Sugars
  
  • e.g. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
  • Basic building blocks of other carbohydrates

Question 23

Disaccharides

Answer 23

• 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
  
  • e.g. glucose + fructose → sucrose

Question 24

Polysaccharides

Answer 24

• Many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together
  
  • e.g. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)

Question 25

What is Lipids?

Answer 25

- C,H, O (ratio different from carbs) - e.g. fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids (FA) - Insoluble (nonpolar) in water

Question 26

What is the Function of Lipids ?

Answer 26

- Protect organs (padding) - Build cell membranes - Source of stored energy

Question 27

What are the Types of Lipids

Answer 27

1. Glycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Cholesterol 4. Steroids

Question 28

Glycerides

Answer 28

- Most common lipid in body and diet - Composed of 2 building blocks: 1. Glycerol (backbone) 2. Fatty acids (FAs)

Question 29

What are the names for Glycerides?

Answer 29

1. Glycerol + 1 FA = Monoglyceride 2. Glycerol + 2 FA = Diglyceride 3. Glycerol + 3 FA = Triglyceride

Question 30

Phospholipids

Answer 30

- 3 building blocks: 1. Phosphate "Head" Group (polar) - Hydrophilic (water soluble) 2. Glycerol backbone & 3. 2 FAs "tails" (non-polar) - Hydrophobic (water insoluble)

Question 31

Cholesterol

Answer 31

Found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

Question 32

Steroids

Answer 32

- Derived from cholesterol - e.g Bile salts, Vitamin D, some hormones (e.g. testosterone, estrogen)

Question 33

What are Proteins?

Answer 33

- Consists of C, H, O, N, (also sometimes S) - e.g. collagen

Question 34

What are the functions of Proteins?

Answer 34

1. Structural material - collagen 2. Enzymes, hormones, transporters 3. Antibodies 4. Source of energy (especially when carbs & lipids in low supply)

Question 35

What are the names of Proteins?

Answer 35

1. Amino Acids 2. Dipeptides 3. Polypeptides 4. Protein

Question 36

Amino Acids

Answer 36

- Basic building blocks of all proteins - Use the name of aa itself e.g. Glycine

Question 37

Dipeptides

Answer 37

Two amino acids joined by peptide bond

Question 38

Polypeptides

Answer 38

Many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Question 39

Protein

Answer 39

One or more polypeptides folded into its final shape

Question 40

What is Nucleic Acid?

Question 41

What are the 2 forms of Nucleic Acid?

Answer 41

1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 42

What does each nucleotide contain?

Answer 42

1. PO4 (Phosphate) 2. MOnosaccharide (simple sugar) - Ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA 3. Organic bases: - Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) - DNA Only - Uracil (U) - RNA Only - Cytosine (C) - Guanime (G)

Question 43

What are the structure od Nucleic Acids?

Answer 43

1. DNA 2. RNA

Question 44

DNA

Question 45

Function of DNA?

Answer 45

- Cellular reproduction - Used as a template to make RNA

Question 46

RNA

Answer 46

- PO4 - ribose - A, U, C, or G - Single stranded - A to U - G to C

Question 47

Function of RNA?

Answer 47

Protein Synthesis

Question 48

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 48

- Modified RNA nucleotide - Energy stored in covalent bonds - powers cellular activities

Question 49

What is the structure of Adenosine Triphosphate?

Answer 49

- adenosine (ribose and adenine) + PO4 (phosphate group - "~" = High Energy Bond ( Adenosine - P~P~P) - Breaking bond creates immediately useable energy - ATP → ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + Pi (inorganic Phosphate)

Question 50

An Organic molecule could be?

Answer 50

- Adenosine Triphosphate - One that ionizes in water to release H+

Question 51

Which of the following is incorrect?

Answer 51

- Discharides and lipids are present in the structure of collagen