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BIOL 1410 > Histology (Tissues) > Flashcards

Histology (Tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of Tissues

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2
Q

What is Tissues?

A
  • A group of cells with similar structure and function
  • Cells of most tissues are surrounded by an extracellular fluid called interstitisl fluid (mostly water and ions)
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3
Q

What is the 4 major tissues types?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
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4
Q

What is Cell Junction?

A
  • Points of contact between adjacent cells - seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells
  • Formed by cell membrane proteins
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5
Q

What are the 3 examples of cell junctions?

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Anchoring Junction (e.g. desmosomes)
  3. Gap Junction
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6
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • Holds cell membrane together
  • Are a partial fusion of specific proteins on the lateral surface of the cell membrane
  • Form ring-like tight seal
  • Prevents material from passing between cells e.g. bacteria, proteins, sometimes fluid or ions (depending on the tissue)
  • Stops integral proteins from moving between apical (lumen exposed surface) and basolateral (attached) surfaces of the cell
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7
Q

Anchoring Junction (e.g. desmosomes)

A
  • Proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or extracellular material (“rivets” cells together)
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8
Q

Gap Junction

A
  • Gaps between the cells
  • Open channels (formed by proteins) through the adjacent cell membranes interconnecting the cytosois of the cells
  • Allows ions/small molecules to pass from one cell to another
  • Tissues can then work as a unit:
    • Important in cardiac and smooth muscle (allows synchronization of contractions)
    • Also found in epithelial tissue
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9
Q

What are the 4 Major Tissue Types? (Overview)

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue (Lining tissue)
  2. Connective Tissue (Connecting tissue)
  3. Muscle Tissue (Contractile tissue)
  4. Nervous Tissue (Sensation and signalling tissue)
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10
Q

What is the Epithelial Tissue?

A
  • Covers body surface
  • Lines body/organ cavities
    • Organ cavity = lumen
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Epithelia?

A
  • Has one free surface
  • Little extracellular space between cells
  • Avascular - no blood vessels
  • Basement membrane
    • Extracellular layer
    • Attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue layer (formed by both tissues and aacts like “velcro”)
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12
Q

What is the classification of Epithelia?

A
  • Most subtypes are classified and named according to:
    1. The number of cell layers sitting on the basement membrane
    • One layer = simple
    • More than one layer = stratified
      1. Shapes of the cells in the apical layer (= layer touching the free surface)
    • Flattened = squamous
    • Round or cube shaped = cuboidal
    • Rectangular = columnar
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13
Q

What are the types of Epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Simple Epithelia ( = 1 layer)
  2. Stratified Epithelia ( = > 1 layer)
  3. Pseudostratified Epithelia
  4. Transitional Epithelia ( = cell shape & layering varies with stretching)
  5. Glandular Epithelium ( = for secretion)
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14
Q

Simple Epithelia ( = 1 layer)

A

Allow exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, ions) - absorption/secretion

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15
Q

What are the subtypes of Simple Epithelia?

A
  1. Simple Squamous
  2. Simple Cuboidal
  3. Simple Columnar
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16
Q

Simple Squamous

A
  • 1 layer of squished (flat) cells
  • e.g. lungs
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17
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A
  • 1 layer of cube shaped cells
  • e.g. kidney
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18
Q

Simple Columnar

A
  • 1 layer of column shaped (tall & thin) cells
  • e.g. stomach, small intestine
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19
Q

Stratified Epithelia ( = > 1 layer)

A
  • Protective (areas of abrasion)
  • predominant subtype is stratified squamous = apical cells squished (flat)
    • e.g.epidermis of skin
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20
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelia

A
  • Columnar cells that appear stratified (some cells are shorter and nuclei appear at different levels), but all cells sit on basement membrane (=simple!)
  • e.g. lines most of respiratory tract (where the cells are also ciliated = ciliated pseudostratified epithelium)
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21
Q

Transitional Epithelia ( = cell shape & layering varies with stretching)

A
  • Only in inner lining of urinary system
  • Cuboidal to squamous when stretched
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22
Q

Glandular Epithelium ( = for secretion)

A

If the epithelial cells form a gland, the cell layer(s)/cell shape classification is no longer used & tissue is called a glandular epithelium

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23
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of Glandular Epithelium?

A
  1. Exocrine Glands
  2. Endocrine Glands
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24
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • Secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity
  • Can be:
    • Unicellular
    • Multicellular
25
Unicellular
- e.g. Goblet cells - Secrete mucus (into a cavity) - In the digestive, urinary, reproductive, respiratory tracts
26
Multicellular
- Consists of secretory and duct cells (ducts connect secretions to surface or cavity) - e.g. glands: sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mammary, digestive
27
Endocrine Glands
- No ducts (ductless) - Secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) surrounding glandular cells that then enter the blood plasma for transport to target cells/tissues - e.g. thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone
28
What are the 3 Functions of Epithelia?
1. Protection 2. Secretion 3. Allows selective passage of materials (nutrients, waste, water, ions) across membrane
29
Protection
- Often stratified squamous - e.g. epidermis of skin
30
Secretion
- Glandular epithelium - e.g. thyroid gland, sweat gland
31
Allows selective passage of materials (nutrients, waste, water, ions) across membrane
- Typically simple epithelia - e.g. kidney, intestine, capillaries
32
What is Connective Tissue?
- Mainly supports and connects tissues - Cells far apart, separated by extracellular matrix that usually forms the bulk of the tissue. - Extracellular material gives connective tissue subtypes their identifying characteristics - Variable vascularity
33
What are CT Cell Types?
- Cell names ending in: - BLAST - CYTE - CLAST
34
Cell Ending With BLAST
- Create matrix - e.g. osteoblast, chondroblast, fibroblast
35
Cell Ending With CYTE
- Maintain matrix - e.g. osteocyte, chondrocyte, fibrocyte
36
Cell Ending With CLAST
- Break down matrix - e.g. osteoclast
37
What Are The Two Things In Matrix Composition?
1. Fibres (proteins) 2. Ground Substance
38
Fibres (proteins)
- collagen fibres (for strength) - elastic fibres (containing elastin- allow stretch and recoil) - Reticular fibres (form networks - e.g. connective tissue part of basement membrane)
39
Ground Substance
- water (interstitial fluid (ISF)) and large organic molecules (proteins and carbohydrates) surrounding cells and fibres
40
What are the classifications of Connective Tissues?
1. Connective Tissue Proper 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood = Fluid Connective Tissue
41
Connective Tissue Proper
- cells = fibroblasts/fibrocytes except adipose tissue (adipocytes)
42
What Are The Two Types Of Connective Tissue Proper?
1. Loose Connective Tissue - Areolar connective tissue - Adipose connective tissue 2. Dense Connective Tissue - Dense regular connective tissue - Dense irregular connective tissue
43
Areolar Connective Tissue (Type of Loose Connective Tissue)
- Loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres - Highly vascular - e.g. lamina propria
44
Adipose Connective Tissue (Type of Loose Connective Tissue)
- Very little matrix - Cells large (adipocytes), store triglycerides - tissue looks like "chicken-wire" - Highly vascular
45
Dense Connective Tissue
- Many fibres (therefore dense connective tissue is also known as fibrous connective tissue) - Little ground substance - Poorly vascular
46
Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Type of Dense Connective Tissue)
- Collagen fibres running in the same direction - e.g. tendons and aponeuroses - connect muscle to bone - e.g. ligaments - connect bone to bone
47
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Type of Dense Connective Tissue)
- Collagen fibres arranged irregularly - e.g. dermis of skin
48
Fibrocartilage
- High in collagen fibers - "shock absorbers" - e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
49
Cartilage
- Cells = chondrocytes (located in cavaties in the matrix called lacunae) & chondroblasts - Large amount of matrix: - Fibres = collagen & elastin (protein) - Ground substance is mostly water, but is firm due to the types of organic molecules present.
50
What The Three Types of Cartilage?
1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic Cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage
51
Hyaline Cartilage
- Most abundant - e.g. trachea, ribs, ends of long bones
52
Elastic Cartilage
- Many elastic fibers - e.g. epiglottis, ear pinna
53
Fibrocartilage
- High in collagen fibres - "shock absorbers" - e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
54
Bone
- Cells = osteocytes (in lacunae), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts - Large amounts of matrix: - Fibres = abundant collagen - Ground substance - Very vascular
55
Ground Substance (Bone)
- inorganic calcium (Ca+) phosphate salts and organic components (proteins & carbohydrates) that make it rigid - Little water
56
Blood = Fluid Connective Tissue
- Cells = red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), platelets - Extracellular matrix is called plasma - Contains soluble fibres (e.g. fibrinogen for blood clotting) - ground substance is mostly water with ions, proteins
57
What are Muscle Tissues? What are the Subtypes?
- Contractile - Subtypes: 1. Skeletal (striated) 2. Cardiac (striated) 3. Smooth (non-striated)
58
What are the different cell types in Nervous Tissue?
1. Neurons - Conduct electrical impulses 2. Glial Celis - Support and protect neurons

BIOL 1410 (26 decks)

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