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BIOL 1410 > Histology (Tissues) > Flashcards

Histology (Tissues) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of Tissues

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2
Q

What is Tissues?

A
  • A group of cells with similar structure and function
  • Cells of most tissues are surrounded by an extracellular fluid called interstitisl fluid (mostly water and ions)
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3
Q

What is the 4 major tissues types?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Muscle Tissue
  4. Nervous Tissue
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4
Q

What is Cell Junction?

A
  • Points of contact between adjacent cells - seen in epithelial tissue, some nervous and muscle cells
  • Formed by cell membrane proteins
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5
Q

What are the 3 examples of cell junctions?

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Anchoring Junction (e.g. desmosomes)
  3. Gap Junction
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6
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • Holds cell membrane together
  • Are a partial fusion of specific proteins on the lateral surface of the cell membrane
  • Form ring-like tight seal
  • Prevents material from passing between cells e.g. bacteria, proteins, sometimes fluid or ions (depending on the tissue)
  • Stops integral proteins from moving between apical (lumen exposed surface) and basolateral (attached) surfaces of the cell
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7
Q

Anchoring Junction (e.g. desmosomes)

A
  • Proteins that fasten cells to each other and/or extracellular material (“rivets” cells together)
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8
Q

Gap Junction

A
  • Gaps between the cells
  • Open channels (formed by proteins) through the adjacent cell membranes interconnecting the cytosois of the cells
  • Allows ions/small molecules to pass from one cell to another
  • Tissues can then work as a unit:
    • Important in cardiac and smooth muscle (allows synchronization of contractions)
    • Also found in epithelial tissue
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9
Q

What are the 4 Major Tissue Types? (Overview)

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue (Lining tissue)
  2. Connective Tissue (Connecting tissue)
  3. Muscle Tissue (Contractile tissue)
  4. Nervous Tissue (Sensation and signalling tissue)
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10
Q

What is the Epithelial Tissue?

A
  • Covers body surface
  • Lines body/organ cavities
    • Organ cavity = lumen
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Epithelia?

A
  • Has one free surface
  • Little extracellular space between cells
  • Avascular - no blood vessels
  • Basement membrane
    • Extracellular layer
    • Attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue layer (formed by both tissues and aacts like “velcro”)
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12
Q

What is the classification of Epithelia?

A
  • Most subtypes are classified and named according to:
    1. The number of cell layers sitting on the basement membrane
    • One layer = simple
    • More than one layer = stratified
      1. Shapes of the cells in the apical layer (= layer touching the free surface)
    • Flattened = squamous
    • Round or cube shaped = cuboidal
    • Rectangular = columnar
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13
Q

What are the types of Epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Simple Epithelia ( = 1 layer)
  2. Stratified Epithelia ( = > 1 layer)
  3. Pseudostratified Epithelia
  4. Transitional Epithelia ( = cell shape & layering varies with stretching)
  5. Glandular Epithelium ( = for secretion)
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14
Q

Simple Epithelia ( = 1 layer)

A

Allow exchange of molecules (gasses, nutrients, ions) - absorption/secretion

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15
Q

What are the subtypes of Simple Epithelia?

A
  1. Simple Squamous
  2. Simple Cuboidal
  3. Simple Columnar
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16
Q

Simple Squamous

A
  • 1 layer of squished (flat) cells
  • e.g. lungs
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17
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A
  • 1 layer of cube shaped cells
  • e.g. kidney
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18
Q

Simple Columnar

A
  • 1 layer of column shaped (tall & thin) cells
  • e.g. stomach, small intestine
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19
Q

Stratified Epithelia ( = > 1 layer)

A
  • Protective (areas of abrasion)
  • predominant subtype is stratified squamous = apical cells squished (flat)
    • e.g.epidermis of skin
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20
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelia

A
  • Columnar cells that appear stratified (some cells are shorter and nuclei appear at different levels), but all cells sit on basement membrane (=simple!)
  • e.g. lines most of respiratory tract (where the cells are also ciliated = ciliated pseudostratified epithelium)
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21
Q

Transitional Epithelia ( = cell shape & layering varies with stretching)

A
  • Only in inner lining of urinary system
  • Cuboidal to squamous when stretched
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22
Q

Glandular Epithelium ( = for secretion)

A

If the epithelial cells form a gland, the cell layer(s)/cell shape classification is no longer used & tissue is called a glandular epithelium

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23
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of Glandular Epithelium?

A
  1. Exocrine Glands
  2. Endocrine Glands
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24
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • Secrete products onto body surface or into a body cavity
  • Can be:
    • Unicellular
    • Multicellular
25
Q

Unicellular

A
  • e.g. Goblet cells
  • Secrete mucus (into a cavity)
  • In the digestive, urinary, reproductive, respiratory tracts
26
Q

Multicellular

A
  • Consists of secretory and duct cells (ducts connect secretions to surface or cavity)
  • e.g. glands: sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mammary, digestive
27
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • No ducts (ductless)
  • Secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) surrounding glandular cells that then enter the blood plasma for transport to target cells/tissues
  • e.g. thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone
28
Q

What are the 3 Functions of Epithelia?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion
  3. Allows selective passage of materials (nutrients, waste, water, ions) across membrane
29
Q

Protection

A
  • Often stratified squamous
  • e.g. epidermis of skin
30
Q

Secretion

A
  • Glandular epithelium
  • e.g. thyroid gland, sweat gland
31
Q

Allows selective passage of materials (nutrients, waste, water, ions) across membrane

A
  • Typically simple epithelia
  • e.g. kidney, intestine, capillaries
32
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A
  • Mainly supports and connects tissues
  • Cells far apart, separated by extracellular matrix that usually forms the bulk of the tissue.
    • Extracellular material gives connective tissue subtypes their identifying characteristics
  • Variable vascularity
33
Q

What are CT Cell Types?

A
  • Cell names ending in:
    • BLAST
    • CYTE
    • CLAST
34
Q

Cell Ending With BLAST

A
  • Create matrix
    • e.g. osteoblast, chondroblast, fibroblast
35
Q

Cell Ending With CYTE

A
  • Maintain matrix
    • e.g. osteocyte, chondrocyte, fibrocyte
36
Q

Cell Ending With CLAST

A
  • Break down matrix
    • e.g. osteoclast
37
Q

What Are The Two Things In Matrix Composition?

A
  1. Fibres (proteins)
  2. Ground Substance
38
Q

Fibres (proteins)

A
  • collagen fibres (for strength)
  • elastic fibres (containing elastin- allow stretch and recoil)
  • Reticular fibres (form networks - e.g. connective tissue part of basement membrane)
39
Q

Ground Substance

A
  • water (interstitial fluid (ISF)) and large organic molecules (proteins and carbohydrates) surrounding cells and fibres
40
Q

What are the classifications of Connective Tissues?

A
  1. Connective Tissue Proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood = Fluid Connective Tissue
41
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A
  • cells = fibroblasts/fibrocytes except adipose tissue (adipocytes)
42
Q

What Are The Two Types Of Connective Tissue Proper?

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue
    • Areolar connective tissue
    • Adipose connective tissue
  2. Dense Connective Tissue
    • Dense regular connective tissue
    • Dense irregular connective tissue
43
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue (Type of Loose Connective Tissue)

A
  • Loosely arranged collagen and elastin fibres
  • Highly vascular
  • e.g. lamina propria
44
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue (Type of Loose Connective Tissue)

A
  • Very little matrix
  • Cells large (adipocytes), store triglycerides - tissue looks like “chicken-wire”
  • Highly vascular
45
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A
  • Many fibres (therefore dense connective tissue is also known as fibrous connective tissue)
  • Little ground substance
  • Poorly vascular
46
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Type of Dense Connective Tissue)

A
  • Collagen fibres running in the same direction
  • e.g. tendons and aponeuroses - connect muscle to bone
  • e.g. ligaments - connect bone to bone
47
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Type of Dense Connective Tissue)

A
  • Collagen fibres arranged irregularly
  • e.g. dermis of skin
48
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • High in collagen fibers
  • “shock absorbers”
  • e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
49
Q

Cartilage

A
  • Cells = chondrocytes (located in cavaties in the matrix called lacunae) & chondroblasts
  • Large amount of matrix:
    • Fibres = collagen & elastin (protein)
    • Ground substance is mostly water, but is firm due to the types of organic molecules present.
50
Q

What The Three Types of Cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Elastic Cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
51
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • Most abundant
  • e.g. trachea, ribs, ends of long bones
52
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • Many elastic fibers
  • e.g. epiglottis, ear pinna
53
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • High in collagen fibres
  • “shock absorbers”
  • e.g. intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
54
Q

Bone

A
  • Cells = osteocytes (in lacunae), osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
  • Large amounts of matrix:
    • Fibres = abundant collagen
    • Ground substance
  • Very vascular
55
Q

Ground Substance (Bone)

A
  • inorganic calcium (Ca+) phosphate salts and organic components (proteins & carbohydrates) that make it rigid
  • Little water
56
Q

Blood = Fluid Connective Tissue

A
  • Cells = red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), platelets
  • Extracellular matrix is called plasma
    • Contains soluble fibres (e.g. fibrinogen for blood clotting)
    • ground substance is mostly water with ions, proteins
57
Q

What are Muscle Tissues? What are the Subtypes?

A
  • Contractile
  • Subtypes:
    1. Skeletal (striated)
    2. Cardiac (striated)
    3. Smooth (non-striated)
58
Q

What are the different cell types in Nervous Tissue?

A
  1. Neurons
    • Conduct electrical impulses
  2. Glial Celis
    • Support and protect neurons

BIOL 1410 (26 decks)

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