Cellular Level Of Organization (Questions) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?

A

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the body.

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2
Q

What are the three principal parts of a cell?

A

The three principal parts are the cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, and nucleus.

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3
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

A

The cell membrane acts as a boundary between the inside and outside of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

A

The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, membrane proteins, membrane carbohydrates, and microvilli.

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5
Q

What are the components of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

The phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophilic phosphate head groups and hydrophobic fatty acid (FA) tails.

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6
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

The two types of membrane proteins are integral proteins and peripheral proteins.

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6
Q

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

A

The phospholipid bilayer divides the intracellular fluid (ICF) inside the cell from the extracellular fluid (ECF) outside the cell.

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7
Q

What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol is scattered throughout the membrane and adds stability to the cell membrane.

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8
Q

What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?

A

Integral proteins are embedded within the membrane and may extend across the entire membrane (transmembrane proteins), while peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of integral proteins.

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8
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Membrane proteins function as enzymes, transporters, channels, receptors, anchors, and identity markers for the immune system.

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9
Q

Where are membrane carbohydrates located, and what are their functions?

A

Membrane carbohydrates are found only on the outer surface of the membrane. They function in cell recognition (e.g., sperm recognizing egg cells) and anchoring cells together.

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10
Q

What are microvilli, and what is their function?

A

Microvilli are small projections of the cell membrane that increase surface area. They are best seen on cells of the small intestine and kidney.

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11
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane?

A

The Fluid Mosaic Model describes the cell membrane as being fluid, meaning its constituents can move around, and a mosaic, where proteins dot the surface like tiles in a mosaic.

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12
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is the area between the inside of the cell membrane and the outside of the nucleus.

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the cytoplasm?

A

The two divisions of the cytoplasm are cytosol and organelles.

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14
Q

What is cytosol, and what does it contain?

A

Cytosol is the gel-like intracellular fluid containing water, ions (e.g., K+, Na+), and a suspension of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It may also contain inclusions such as melanin and glycogen.

15
Q

What are organelles, and how are they categorized?

A

Organelles are structures that perform specific functions and are essential for life. They can be categorized as non-membranous or membranous organelles.

16
Q

What is the function of ribosomes, and what are the two types?

A

Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis. The two types are free ribosomes (which float in cytosol) and ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

17
Q

What is the centrosome, and what are its components?

A

The centrosome consists of a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix. It organizes microtubules, including the spindle apparatus for cell division and the cytoskeleton.

18
Q

What are the three types of cytoskeletal structures, and their functions?

A
  • The three types of cytoskeletal structures are:
    1. Microfilaments – made of actin, involved in muscle contraction, cell movement, and cytokinesis.
    2. Intermediate filaments – tissue-specific proteins (e.g., keratin), provide structural support.
    3. Microtubules – made of tubulin, form centrioles, spindle apparatus, cilia, and flagella, and help in organelle movement.
19
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis and contain their own DNA, RNA, and proteins.

20
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and their functions?

A
  1. Rough ER (RER) – has ribosomes attached and synthesizes secretory, lysosomal, and membrane proteins.
  2. Smooth ER (SER) – lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones, and is continuous with the RER.
21
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins to the cell membrane, lysosomes, or for secretion.

22
Q

What are lysosomes, and what do they do?

A

Lysosomes are filled with digestive enzymes that digest bacteria, viruses, and worn-out organelles, providing a clean-up function for the cell.

23
Q

What are the parts of the nucleus?

A
  • The nucleus has three main parts:
    1. Nuclear envelope – a double membrane with nuclear pores, connected to the ER.
    2. Nucleolus – a dense, non-membranous region where ribosomes are made.
    3. Chromosomes/Chromatids – contain DNA and histone proteins, either dispersed (chromatin) or condensed during cell division.
24
Q

What is the nucleolus, and what is its function?

A

The nucleolus is a non-membranous, dense region within the nucleus where ribosomes are made and assembled.

25
Q

What are chromosomes, and when are they condensed?

A

Chromosomes contain DNA and histone proteins. They are condensed and individually visible during cell division (mitosis or meiosis).