Shah Diabetes

Question 1

Considering how Insulin is processed via multiple steps, what Serological marker is used to detect insulin production?

Answer 1

C-Peptide

Question 2

Based on diabetes research, tighter glycemic control offers what benefits to Type 2?

Answer 2

JUST Micro benefits (mainly retinopathy)

Question 3

What does glucagon do to fatty acid and keto acid blood concentration?

Answer 3

Raises it.

Question 4

3. Differences of HHS vs DKA, usings HHS as the reference.

Answer 4

1. HHS has way higher glucose (>600)
2. HHS is not acidotic
3. HHS has normal anion gap

Question 5

Incretins are hormones such as GLP-1 or GIP that are produced by the GI that promote _____ production

Answer 5

Insuiln

Question 6

In regards to T1DM, what is GAD, ICA, IAA, and ZnT8?

Answer 6

Targets for autoantibodies

glutamic decarboxylase, islet cell, insulin, or Zinc Transporter

Question 7

What happens to the skin with Insulin resistance?

Answer 7

Dark patches (Acanthosis Nigricans)

Question 8

Normally you see a bi-phasic release of insulin after consuming sugar, diabetics tend to lose which phase?

Answer 8

First

Question 9

Histologically Type 1 diabetes appears with _____, whereas Type 2 diabetes appears with _____ and ______

Answer 9

• Mononuclear Infiltrate

- Apoptosis, Amylin

Question 10

What are the two kinds of Retinopathies?

Answer 10

1. Non-Proliferative

2. Proliferative

Question 11

Which type of dibetes is at a lower risk for DKA?

Answer 11

Type 2

Question 12

Type _____ diabetes is more affected by genetics than the other type of diabetse

Answer 12

2

Question 13

When diagnosing diabetes, a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) greater than 125 mg/dL or a level of ____mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test indicates diabetes

Answer 13

200

“Tolerate the Two Hundred”

Question 14

In Type 2 Diabetes during a glucose response, what happens to Insulin? What happens to glucagon?

Answer 14

• Insulin takes longer to peak

- Glucagon takes longer to fade

Question 15

Blood Glucose levels are normally maintained in a narrow range of ___ to — mg/dL

Answer 15

60-120

“Glucose is almost like blood pressure”

Question 16

Which type of a diabetes is at highest risk for DKA?

Answer 16

Type 1

Question 17

Broad name for the GI hormones that promote insulin production?

Answer 17

Incretins

Question 18

To treat diabetes SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 Agonists have both been shown to have what positive outcome?

Answer 18

Lower CV mortality.

Question 19

HbA1c greater than _____% indicates diabetes Mellitus, correlating with 3-month blood sugars.

Answer 19

6.5

Question 20

Aside from hyperglycemia and typical metabolic acidotic symptoms, what 3 things make DKA stand out?

Answer 20

1. Anion Grap > 10
2. Ketonuria/nemia
3. Hyperkalemia (inability to absorb K+)

Question 21

Based on diabetes research, tighter glycemic control offers what benefits to Type 1?

Answer 21

BOTH Macro and Micro Benefits

A1c, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

Question 22

3 Key findings of Non-Proliferative Retinopathy

Answer 22

1. Less Blood flow
2. Microaneurysms/Bleeds
3. Hard Exudates

Question 23

Diabetic Ketoacidosis as a biochemical triad of ___, ___, ___. Expect excess glucagon.

Answer 23

1. Hyperglycemia
2. Ketonemia
3. Metabo Acidosis

Question 24

What does insulin do to fatty acid and keto acid blood concentration?

Answer 24

Lowers it

Question 25

Incretin function is ______ in type 2 diabetes

Answer 25

decreased

Question 26

Sites of action for Insulin vs Glucagon

Answer 26

• Insulin: Liver, adipose, Muscle

- Glucagon: Just Liver

Question 27

According to the Polyol pathway, More soritol results in less _____ resulting in more Oxidative Stress

Answer 27

NADPH

Question 28

DKA can make [Na] appear lower or higher than what it actually is?

Answer 28

Lower

real Na is higher during DKA