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Biology > Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Reduction division

A

Chromosome # cut in half, meiosis 1

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1
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cell (egg sperm)

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2
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg (2n)

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4
Q

Meiosis diagram using (n)

A

2n>(4n)>n+n

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5
Q

Haploid/Monoploid

A

Half the #of chromosomes (n=23 in humans)

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5
Q

Karyotype

A

Each chromosomes has homologous pairs that is the same size and shape, one from each parent

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7
Q

2 other words for body cells?

A

Diploid (2n) or somatic cell

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

2 parents (flowers)

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9
Q

Autosomes in body cells for male and for female?

A

22 pairs autosomes +XX (females)

22 pairs autosomes +XY (males)

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10
Q

Sexually reproducing organisms have 2 processes to maintain the number of chromosomes

A

Meiosis and fertilization

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11
Q

Synapsis

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes in a tetrad (4 chromatids) match up during prophase 1 to cross over

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12
Q

Prophase 1

A

Tetrad by pairing non-sister homologous chromosomes then crossing them over

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13
Q

Diploid

A

Normal #of chromosomes (2n=46 in humans)

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13
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Recombinant chromosomes attach to spindle fibers move to middle

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13
Q

Anaphase/telophase 1

A

Homologous recombinant chromosomes separate, sister chromatids (n) then separates again, reduction division–>single chromosomes (n); then regular mitosis begins

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15
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball (cleavage)

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16
Q

Interphase 1

A

Sister chromatids form for each homologous

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18
Q

Mitosis diagram using (n)

A

2n>(4n)>2n+2n

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18
Q

Variable n refers to

A

Homologous pairs

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19
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball (cleavage)

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21
Q

Autosomes in sex cells for male and for female?

A

22 pairs autosomes +X (always female, male sometimes)

22 pairs autosomes +Y (male sometimes)

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22
Q

Gastrulation

A

Cells on one side of blastula move in forming gastrula

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22
Q

Gonads and processes

A

Ovaries (female development of egg “oogenesis” 3 bad polar bodies, 1 good egg) testes (male development of sperm “spermatogenesis” 4 sperm)

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23
Q

3 other words for sex cell?

A

Haploid, Monoploid or gametes

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24
Q

Sexual vs asexual? (Sexual has…)

A

2 parents
Offspring unidentical
More fun ;)

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25
Q

External fert

A

In water, more eggs/sperm bc less babies survive harsh environment

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26
Q

Internal fert

A

Mostly on land in moist female body mmm, less eggs still many sperm

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27
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of unfertilized egg into adult ex insects like aphids

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28
Q

External development water

A

Fish/amphibians, yolk, O2 diffuses in waste diffuses out, parents don’t give a shit, low survival

29
Q

External development land

A

Birds/reptiles, yolk, better survival, less eggs

30
Q

Internal development

A

Embryo grows in mama, high survival

31
Q

Internal placental

A

Umbilical cord connect fetus to placenta/carries waste, placenta is attached to uterus wall allows movemet of nutrients and air through diffusion/active transport, rich in blood vessels of mama/embryo

32
Q

Internal nonplacental

A

Pouched mammals/marsupials, food from egg yolk, born before complete development/stays in pouch where gets nutrients from mammary glands (kangarooos)

33
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated can be ANYTHING :0

34
Q

Why would doctors use a patients stem cells to grow organs for their transplant?

A

White blood cells recognize organ, don’t have to take immunosuppressants which weaken immune system

35
Q

Stem cells sources

A

Embryo, cord blood, bone marrow and wisdom teeth from adults

36
Q

Reasons for using stem cells

A

Growing organs; Alzheimer’s, cancer, and other diseases

37
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

Can become any type of cell (during early cell division)

38
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Can differentiate into nearly all cells (just starting to become specialized)

39
Q

Unipotent stem cells

A

Cells can produce only one cell type, their own, but have the property of self renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells ex muscle stem cells

40
Q

iPS

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells, adult cells have been altered to act like stem cells (first created in 2006 in mice, then created in 2007 in humans)

41
Q

Testes

A

Gonads that produce sperm, located in scrotum to keep the temperature 1 to 2°C for production and storage (seminiferous tubules/epididymis)

42
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

300 to 600 coiled tubes where immature sperm are made

43
Q

Epididymis

A

Storage area where sperm mature

44
Q

Ducts/Vas Deferens

A

Passageway from sperm from testes to urethra into penis, can get them blocked if u don’t to be another babydaddy

45
Q

Glands

A

Release secretions to provide a transport for sperm, protect/nourish sperm, (seminal vesicles, cowpeas glands, prostate glands)

46
Q

Semen

A

Mixture of fluids (from gland) & sperm

47
Q

Testosterone!

A

Produced in testes to regulate secondary sex characteristics

48
Q

Ovaries

A

Gonads that meiosis eggs 4x2 cm

49
Q

Follicles

A

Smells cavities in ovaries where eggs produced, 200,000 in each ovary, all present at birth, each has immature egg, 500 will mature in lifetime

50
Q

Ovulation

A

Egg matures, follicle moves to surface of ovary and breaks open releasing egg, puts u in bish mode

51
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Oviducts, cilia creates current to draw in egg, where (the fun part) fertilization of egg takes place

52
Q

Uterus

A

Fertilized egg develops, thick walled muscular, cervix: narrow neck sealed off during pregnancy, opens to the V

53
Q

The V

A

Birth canal (receives seminal fluid)

54
Q

Estrogen & Progesterone

A

Makes puberty make u hotter, important in menstrual/secondary sex characteristics

55
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusions of sperm and egg nucleus to form zygote, occurs within 24 hrs after ovulation in oviduct/f.tubes

56
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening that later becomes opening to digestive system

57
Q

Outer layer/ectoderm forms…

A

Nervous system and epidermis

58
Q

Middle layer (mesoderm)

A

Muscles skeleton circulatory system excretory systems reproductive system

59
Q

Inner layer (endoderm)

A

Lining of digestive and respiratory tracks, liver, and pancreas

60
Q

Fraternal twins

A

2 eggs 2 sperm

61
Q

Identical twins

A

1 zygote that separated in half early cleavage

62
Q

Embryo

A

Fert to 8 weeks

63
Q

Fetus

A

After 8 weeks

64
Q

Prenatal development

A

Period b4 birth

65
Q

Placenta

A

Organ where transfer of materials b/w mother/fetus occurs

66
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Connects fetus to placenta

67
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Protect baby from shock

68
Q

Artificial insemination

A

If infertile, sperm artificially into female body OR eggs fertilized in woman’s body moved to another woman OR egg/sperm both put in Fallopian tube artificially at same time

69
Q

In Vitro fertilization

A

Fert of egg/ sperm outside body

Biology (23 decks)

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