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Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

0
Q

Reduction division

A

Chromosome # cut in half, meiosis 1

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1
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cell (egg sperm)

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2
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg (2n)

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4
Q

Meiosis diagram using (n)

A

2n>(4n)>n+n

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5
Q

Haploid/Monoploid

A

Half the #of chromosomes (n=23 in humans)

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5
Q

Karyotype

A

Each chromosomes has homologous pairs that is the same size and shape, one from each parent

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7
Q

2 other words for body cells?

A

Diploid (2n) or somatic cell

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

2 parents (flowers)

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9
Q

Autosomes in body cells for male and for female?

A

22 pairs autosomes +XX (females)

22 pairs autosomes +XY (males)

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10
Q

Sexually reproducing organisms have 2 processes to maintain the number of chromosomes

A

Meiosis and fertilization

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11
Q

Synapsis

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes in a tetrad (4 chromatids) match up during prophase 1 to cross over

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12
Q

Prophase 1

A

Tetrad by pairing non-sister homologous chromosomes then crossing them over

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13
Q

Diploid

A

Normal #of chromosomes (2n=46 in humans)

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13
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Recombinant chromosomes attach to spindle fibers move to middle

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13
Q

Anaphase/telophase 1

A

Homologous recombinant chromosomes separate, sister chromatids (n) then separates again, reduction division–>single chromosomes (n); then regular mitosis begins

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15
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball (cleavage)

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16
Q

Interphase 1

A

Sister chromatids form for each homologous

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18
Q

Mitosis diagram using (n)

A

2n>(4n)>2n+2n

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18
Q

Variable n refers to

A

Homologous pairs

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19
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball (cleavage)

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21
Q

Autosomes in sex cells for male and for female?

A

22 pairs autosomes +X (always female, male sometimes)

22 pairs autosomes +Y (male sometimes)

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22
Q

Gastrulation

A

Cells on one side of blastula move in forming gastrula

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22
Q

Gonads and processes

A

Ovaries (female development of egg “oogenesis” 3 bad polar bodies, 1 good egg) testes (male development of sperm “spermatogenesis” 4 sperm)

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23
Q

3 other words for sex cell?

A

Haploid, Monoploid or gametes

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24
Sexual vs asexual? (Sexual has...)
2 parents Offspring unidentical More fun ;)
25
External fert
In water, more eggs/sperm bc less babies survive harsh environment
26
Internal fert
Mostly on land in moist female body mmm, less eggs still many sperm
27
Parthenogenesis
Development of unfertilized egg into adult ex insects like aphids
28
External development water
Fish/amphibians, yolk, O2 diffuses in waste diffuses out, parents don't give a shit, low survival
29
External development land
Birds/reptiles, yolk, better survival, less eggs
30
Internal development
Embryo grows in mama, high survival
31
Internal placental
Umbilical cord connect fetus to placenta/carries waste, placenta is attached to uterus wall allows movemet of nutrients and air through diffusion/active transport, rich in blood vessels of mama/embryo
32
Internal nonplacental
Pouched mammals/marsupials, food from egg yolk, born before complete development/stays in pouch where gets nutrients from mammary glands (kangarooos)
33
Stem cells
Undifferentiated can be ANYTHING :0
34
Why would doctors use a patients stem cells to grow organs for their transplant?
White blood cells recognize organ, don't have to take immunosuppressants which weaken immune system
35
Stem cells sources
Embryo, cord blood, bone marrow and wisdom teeth from adults
36
Reasons for using stem cells
Growing organs; Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases
37
Totipotent stem cells
Can become any type of cell (during early cell division)
38
Pluripotent stem cells
Can differentiate into nearly all cells (just starting to become specialized)
39
Unipotent stem cells
Cells can produce only one cell type, their own, but have the property of self renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells ex muscle stem cells
40
iPS
Induced pluripotent stem cells, adult cells have been altered to act like stem cells (first created in 2006 in mice, then created in 2007 in humans)
41
Testes
Gonads that produce sperm, located in scrotum to keep the temperature 1 to 2°C for production and storage (seminiferous tubules/epididymis)
42
Seminiferous tubules
300 to 600 coiled tubes where immature sperm are made
43
Epididymis
Storage area where sperm mature
44
Ducts/Vas Deferens
Passageway from sperm from testes to urethra into penis, can get them blocked if u don't to be another babydaddy
45
Glands
Release secretions to provide a transport for sperm, protect/nourish sperm, (seminal vesicles, cowpeas glands, prostate glands)
46
Semen
Mixture of fluids (from gland) & sperm
47
Testosterone!
Produced in testes to regulate secondary sex characteristics
48
Ovaries
Gonads that meiosis eggs 4x2 cm
49
Follicles
Smells cavities in ovaries where eggs produced, 200,000 in each ovary, all present at birth, each has immature egg, 500 will mature in lifetime
50
Ovulation
Egg matures, follicle moves to surface of ovary and breaks open releasing egg, puts u in bish mode
51
Fallopian tubes
Oviducts, cilia creates current to draw in egg, where (the fun part) fertilization of egg takes place
52
Uterus
Fertilized egg develops, thick walled muscular, cervix: narrow neck sealed off during pregnancy, opens to the V
53
The V
Birth canal (receives seminal fluid)
54
Estrogen & Progesterone
Makes puberty make u hotter, important in menstrual/secondary sex characteristics
55
Fertilization
Fusions of sperm and egg nucleus to form zygote, occurs within 24 hrs after ovulation in oviduct/f.tubes
56
Blastopore
Opening that later becomes opening to digestive system
57
Outer layer/ectoderm forms...
Nervous system and epidermis
58
Middle layer (mesoderm)
Muscles skeleton circulatory system excretory systems reproductive system
59
Inner layer (endoderm)
Lining of digestive and respiratory tracks, liver, and pancreas
60
Fraternal twins
2 eggs 2 sperm
61
Identical twins
1 zygote that separated in half early cleavage
62
Embryo
Fert to 8 weeks
63
Fetus
After 8 weeks
64
Prenatal development
Period b4 birth
65
Placenta
Organ where transfer of materials b/w mother/fetus occurs
66
Umbilical cord
Connects fetus to placenta
67
Amniotic fluid
Protect baby from shock
68
Artificial insemination
If infertile, sperm artificially into female body OR eggs fertilized in woman's body moved to another woman OR egg/sperm both put in Fallopian tube artificially at same time
69
In Vitro fertilization
Fert of egg/ sperm outside body

Biology (23 decks)

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