Genetics Flashcards
Pollination
Fusion of pollen (sperm) and egg to form a seed
Gregor Mendel
Monk, pea plants bc easy to grow and he can control pollination and traits are easily observable and they make intercourse a lot
Alleles
Different forms of the gene for a specific characteristic
Genotype
Genetic makeup of individual (Tt, DD, Yy)
Phenotype
Traits that actually appear on a dude (tall, short, sexy, big D)
Heterozygous
Hybrid, 2 alleles for the trait are different (Tt)
Homozygous
Pure (no mudbloods) two alleles for trait are the same (TT or tt)
Law of dominance
Heterozygous individuals will express the phenotype of the dominant alleles (Tt tall will be expressed)
Test cross
To tell if an individual is pure by crossing with homo recessive (if all babies dominant, homo, if some recessive, hetero)
Law of segregation
Alleles separate during meiosis and recombine during fertilization (if offspring r diff phenotype than parents…VARIATION)
Law of independent assortment
Traits are inherited independently of eachother, traits not linked
Mendel’s 3 laws
Law of dominance, law of segregation/recombination, law of independent assortment
Incomplete dominance
Aka blending, only partially dominant, intermediate phenotype (redXwhiteXpink, RR R’R’ RR’)
Codominance
2 dominant alleles equally expressed, ex Roan cattle (red and white)
Sex determination
Determined by sperm (male: XY+22 pairs of autosomes, female: XX+22 autosomes)
Sex linked traits
Disorder linked to the X chromosomes (hemophilia/color blindness, most common in makes, only need to get from mom, XX)
Gene linkage
Genes for 2 diff traits are located on the same chromosome and can be inherited together, ex red hair/freckles (exception to Law of Ind Assort)
Crossing over
Exchange of genetic material during Synapsis in meiosis GENETIC VARIATION IN GAMETES (if it occurs b/w non-homologous=genetic disease)
Multiple alleles
> 2 alleles for a given trait, ex blood typing has 3 alleles IA IB and i
Blood typing alleles info
IA=type A; IB=type B; i=type O
Type A and B are codon infant over O, so type O (or i) is recessive
The double helix was discovered by
Watson and Crick
What are the purines?
Nitrogenous bases Guanine and Adenine (double linked ring of atoms)
What are the pyrimidines?
Nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil (single ring of atoms)
What do hydrogen bonds do?
Hold together the two strands of DNA that run anti-parallel to eachother
Carbons on the 5 carbon sugar on nucleotides
1’ carbon is bonded to nitrogenous base, 3’ to the next nucleotide, 5’ to the phosphate group
5 carbon sugar in RNA vs DNA
RNA=Ribose, DNA=Deoxyribose lol whadoyouknow
Lemme unzip your genes (with the enzyme..)
Helicase! U hoe untwisting/breaking them hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase
Adds new nitrogen bases into the 3’ end, forming new stands
Lagging strand
Made in pieces called Okazaki fragments (more like fragments of my HEART…after watching Clannad :’(
DNA ligase
Links together Okazaki fragments
Leading strand
DNA strand that is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction but is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction in a continuous matter (original)
Gene
Segment on DNA, codes for making a PROTEIN (doesn’t code for amino acid, codes for SEQUENCE)
Transcription
DNA>mRNA copying of DNA to synthesize RNA in NUCLEUS
Translation
mRNA>amino acid sequences MAKING PROTEIN in RIBOSOME (sequence of nucleotides codes for sequence of amino acids)
Codon
Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that codes for one amino acid
Anticodon
Triplet of nucleotides in tRNA
What is self replicating?
ONLY DNA
One gene is
One polypeptide
Hemoglobin is made of how many polypeptide chains?
4
Attraction and repulsion between what group in the polypeptides?
Carboxyl and amino group
3 stages of transcription
Initiation elongation termination
Initiation
RNA polymerase binds to promotor
DNA promotor (in initiation)
A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA at the start of a gene; instructs RNA polymerase where to start transcribing RNA (like the “cap”)
Elongation
- RNA polymerase moves along DNA
- Untwists DNA and turns around 10 bases at a time
- Adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing RNA
- 60 nucleotides/ sec
Termination
Termination site on DNA i.e AATAAA signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription (“tail”)
Cap and tail
2 ends protects RNA molecule from degeneration
Gene splicing
Introns: non coding sequence of genes “spliced” out before translation
Exons: the coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is EXPRESSED in genotype
Ribosome
Made up of 2 subunits (large/small)
Constructed in nucleoli, contains RNA and protein, 3 binding sites; 1 attach to mRNA and 2 for tRNA
P-site
Holds tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain after amino acid is added
A-site
Holds tRNA attached to the next amino acid to be added
2 tRNA sites
A and P site, A (amino)> P (polypeptide)
4 stages of translation
Codon recognition
Peptide bond formation
Elongation
Termination
Elongation
Of polypeptide via movement of tRNA from A to P site on the ribosome, this allows the next codon/anticodon recognition to take place
Termination
Stop codon reaches A site in the ribosome
Heredity and the environment: light and chlorophyll
No light, no chlorophyll
Environmental effect: temp and hair color
Lower temps, hair on Himalayan rabbits will grow back darker
Identical twin studies
Comparing those separated at birth/not
tRNA and DNA are
Not complimentary
mRNA to DNA and tRNA
It’s complimentary (opposite)
Mutation
Any change in genetic material aka base code during meiosis, must be in sex cells (damaged)
Mutagenic agents
Radiation chemicals X-rays UV rays cause mutations
Genetic mutation
Change in DNA sequence>change in amino acid sequence in protein
Big idea
- DNA determines amino acid sequence
* Amino acid sequence determines protein shape which determines function
Point mutation
One nucleotide is changed for another MINOR (occurs in one gene)
Frame shift mutation
Addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides that shifts the whole reading DEVASTATING (occurs in one gene)
Chromosomal mutations
Can be detected by looking at a Karyotype (picture of chromosomes)
Nondisjunction
Chromosomes don’t separate properly during meiosis (anaphase)
Results in one extra/one less chromosome
i.e Down syndrome (trisomy 3 21st chromosomes)
Polyploidy
Extra set of chromosomes- plants, positive, increases survival/more hardy 3N, 4N
Deletion and Addition (insertion)
Portion of chromosome lost/added
Inversion
Section of chromosomes switched upside down
Translocation
Section of chromosome transferred to another during cross over
Nucleotide parts
Circle=phosphate, house=sugar, rectangle=nitrogenous base
Does the mRNA or tRNA codon correspond to AA (amino acid)
mRNA
Essential amino acids..
Must be acquired from external food source
In semi conservative DNA replication..
Each strand of the double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of its new partner
Hemophilia
Recessive mutation, x linked, improper blood clotting, cannot see with Karyotype
Sickle-cell anemia
Red blood cells sickle shaped, homozygous, Karyotype=3 in the 21st