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Genetics Flashcards

0
Q

Pollination

A

Fusion of pollen (sperm) and egg to form a seed

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1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Monk, pea plants bc easy to grow and he can control pollination and traits are easily observable and they make intercourse a lot

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2
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the gene for a specific characteristic

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3
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of individual (Tt, DD, Yy)

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

Traits that actually appear on a dude (tall, short, sexy, big D)

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

Hybrid, 2 alleles for the trait are different (Tt)

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

Pure (no mudbloods) two alleles for trait are the same (TT or tt)

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7
Q

Law of dominance

A

Heterozygous individuals will express the phenotype of the dominant alleles (Tt tall will be expressed)

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8
Q

Test cross

A

To tell if an individual is pure by crossing with homo recessive (if all babies dominant, homo, if some recessive, hetero)

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9
Q

Law of segregation

A

Alleles separate during meiosis and recombine during fertilization (if offspring r diff phenotype than parents…VARIATION)

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10
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Traits are inherited independently of eachother, traits not linked

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11
Q

Mendel’s 3 laws

A

Law of dominance, law of segregation/recombination, law of independent assortment

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12
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Aka blending, only partially dominant, intermediate phenotype (redXwhiteXpink, RR R’R’ RR’)

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13
Q

Codominance

A

2 dominant alleles equally expressed, ex Roan cattle (red and white)

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14
Q

Sex determination

A

Determined by sperm (male: XY+22 pairs of autosomes, female: XX+22 autosomes)

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15
Q

Sex linked traits

A

Disorder linked to the X chromosomes (hemophilia/color blindness, most common in makes, only need to get from mom, XX)

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16
Q

Gene linkage

A

Genes for 2 diff traits are located on the same chromosome and can be inherited together, ex red hair/freckles (exception to Law of Ind Assort)

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17
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material during Synapsis in meiosis GENETIC VARIATION IN GAMETES (if it occurs b/w non-homologous=genetic disease)

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18
Q

Multiple alleles

A

> 2 alleles for a given trait, ex blood typing has 3 alleles IA IB and i

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19
Q

Blood typing alleles info

A

IA=type A; IB=type B; i=type O

Type A and B are codon infant over O, so type O (or i) is recessive

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20
Q

The double helix was discovered by

A

Watson and Crick

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21
Q

What are the purines?

A

Nitrogenous bases Guanine and Adenine (double linked ring of atoms)

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22
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil (single ring of atoms)

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23
Q

What do hydrogen bonds do?

A

Hold together the two strands of DNA that run anti-parallel to eachother

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24
Carbons on the 5 carbon sugar on nucleotides
1' carbon is bonded to nitrogenous base, 3' to the next nucleotide, 5' to the phosphate group
26
5 carbon sugar in RNA vs DNA
RNA=Ribose, DNA=Deoxyribose lol whadoyouknow
27
Lemme unzip your genes (with the enzyme..)
Helicase! U hoe untwisting/breaking them hydrogen bonds
28
DNA polymerase
Adds new nitrogen bases into the 3' end, forming new stands
29
Lagging strand
Made in pieces called Okazaki fragments (more like fragments of my HEART...after watching Clannad :'(
30
DNA ligase
Links together Okazaki fragments
31
Leading strand
DNA strand that is read in the 3' to 5' direction but is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction in a continuous matter (original)
32
Gene
Segment on DNA, codes for making a PROTEIN (doesn't code for amino acid, codes for SEQUENCE)
33
Transcription
DNA>mRNA copying of DNA to synthesize RNA in NUCLEUS
34
Translation
mRNA>amino acid sequences MAKING PROTEIN in RIBOSOME (sequence of nucleotides codes for sequence of amino acids)
35
Codon
Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that codes for one amino acid
36
Anticodon
Triplet of nucleotides in tRNA
37
What is self replicating?
ONLY DNA
38
One gene is
One polypeptide
39
Hemoglobin is made of how many polypeptide chains?
4
40
Attraction and repulsion between what group in the polypeptides?
Carboxyl and amino group
41
3 stages of transcription
Initiation elongation termination
42
Initiation
RNA polymerase binds to promotor
43
DNA promotor (in initiation)
A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA at the start of a gene; instructs RNA polymerase where to start transcribing RNA (like the "cap")
44
Elongation
* RNA polymerase moves along DNA * Untwists DNA and turns around 10 bases at a time * Adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing RNA * 60 nucleotides/ sec
45
Termination
Termination site on DNA i.e AATAAA signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription ("tail")
46
Cap and tail
2 ends protects RNA molecule from degeneration
47
Gene splicing
Introns: non coding sequence of genes "spliced" out before translation Exons: the coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is EXPRESSED in genotype
48
Ribosome
Made up of 2 subunits (large/small) | Constructed in nucleoli, contains RNA and protein, 3 binding sites; 1 attach to mRNA and 2 for tRNA
49
P-site
Holds tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain after amino acid is added
50
A-site
Holds tRNA attached to the next amino acid to be added
51
2 tRNA sites
A and P site, A (amino)> P (polypeptide)
52
4 stages of translation
Codon recognition Peptide bond formation Elongation Termination
53
Elongation
Of polypeptide via movement of tRNA from A to P site on the ribosome, this allows the next codon/anticodon recognition to take place
54
Termination
Stop codon reaches A site in the ribosome
55
Heredity and the environment: light and chlorophyll
No light, no chlorophyll
56
Environmental effect: temp and hair color
Lower temps, hair on Himalayan rabbits will grow back darker
57
Identical twin studies
Comparing those separated at birth/not
58
tRNA and DNA are
Not complimentary
59
mRNA to DNA and tRNA
It's complimentary (opposite)
60
Mutation
Any change in genetic material aka base code during meiosis, must be in sex cells (damaged)
61
Mutagenic agents
Radiation chemicals X-rays UV rays cause mutations
62
Genetic mutation
Change in DNA sequence>change in amino acid sequence in protein
63
Big idea
* DNA determines amino acid sequence | * Amino acid sequence determines protein shape which determines function
64
Point mutation
One nucleotide is changed for another MINOR (occurs in one gene)
65
Frame shift mutation
Addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides that shifts the whole reading DEVASTATING (occurs in one gene)
66
Chromosomal mutations
Can be detected by looking at a Karyotype (picture of chromosomes)
67
Nondisjunction
Chromosomes don't separate properly during meiosis (anaphase) Results in one extra/one less chromosome i.e Down syndrome (trisomy 3 21st chromosomes)
68
Polyploidy
Extra set of chromosomes- plants, positive, increases survival/more hardy 3N, 4N
69
Deletion and Addition (insertion)
Portion of chromosome lost/added
70
Inversion
Section of chromosomes switched upside down
71
Translocation
Section of chromosome transferred to another during cross over
72
Nucleotide parts
Circle=phosphate, house=sugar, rectangle=nitrogenous base
73
Does the mRNA or tRNA codon correspond to AA (amino acid)
mRNA
74
Essential amino acids..
Must be acquired from external food source
75
In semi conservative DNA replication..
Each strand of the double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of its new partner
76
Hemophilia
Recessive mutation, x linked, improper blood clotting, cannot see with Karyotype
77
Sickle-cell anemia
Red blood cells sickle shaped, homozygous, Karyotype=3 in the 21st

Biology (23 decks)

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