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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Pollination

A

Fusion of pollen (sperm) and egg to form a seed

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1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Monk, pea plants bc easy to grow and he can control pollination and traits are easily observable and they make intercourse a lot

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2
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the gene for a specific characteristic

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3
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of individual (Tt, DD, Yy)

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

Traits that actually appear on a dude (tall, short, sexy, big D)

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

Hybrid, 2 alleles for the trait are different (Tt)

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

Pure (no mudbloods) two alleles for trait are the same (TT or tt)

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7
Q

Law of dominance

A

Heterozygous individuals will express the phenotype of the dominant alleles (Tt tall will be expressed)

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8
Q

Test cross

A

To tell if an individual is pure by crossing with homo recessive (if all babies dominant, homo, if some recessive, hetero)

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9
Q

Law of segregation

A

Alleles separate during meiosis and recombine during fertilization (if offspring r diff phenotype than parents…VARIATION)

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10
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Traits are inherited independently of eachother, traits not linked

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11
Q

Mendel’s 3 laws

A

Law of dominance, law of segregation/recombination, law of independent assortment

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12
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Aka blending, only partially dominant, intermediate phenotype (redXwhiteXpink, RR R’R’ RR’)

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13
Q

Codominance

A

2 dominant alleles equally expressed, ex Roan cattle (red and white)

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14
Q

Sex determination

A

Determined by sperm (male: XY+22 pairs of autosomes, female: XX+22 autosomes)

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15
Q

Sex linked traits

A

Disorder linked to the X chromosomes (hemophilia/color blindness, most common in makes, only need to get from mom, XX)

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16
Q

Gene linkage

A

Genes for 2 diff traits are located on the same chromosome and can be inherited together, ex red hair/freckles (exception to Law of Ind Assort)

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17
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material during Synapsis in meiosis GENETIC VARIATION IN GAMETES (if it occurs b/w non-homologous=genetic disease)

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18
Q

Multiple alleles

A

> 2 alleles for a given trait, ex blood typing has 3 alleles IA IB and i

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19
Q

Blood typing alleles info

A

IA=type A; IB=type B; i=type O

Type A and B are codon infant over O, so type O (or i) is recessive

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20
Q

The double helix was discovered by

A

Watson and Crick

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21
Q

What are the purines?

A

Nitrogenous bases Guanine and Adenine (double linked ring of atoms)

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22
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Nitrogenous bases cytosine, thymine, and uracil (single ring of atoms)

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23
Q

What do hydrogen bonds do?

A

Hold together the two strands of DNA that run anti-parallel to eachother

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24
Q

Carbons on the 5 carbon sugar on nucleotides

A

1’ carbon is bonded to nitrogenous base, 3’ to the next nucleotide, 5’ to the phosphate group

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26
Q

5 carbon sugar in RNA vs DNA

A

RNA=Ribose, DNA=Deoxyribose lol whadoyouknow

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27
Q

Lemme unzip your genes (with the enzyme..)

A

Helicase! U hoe untwisting/breaking them hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds new nitrogen bases into the 3’ end, forming new stands

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29
Q

Lagging strand

A

Made in pieces called Okazaki fragments (more like fragments of my HEART…after watching Clannad :’(

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30
Q

DNA ligase

A

Links together Okazaki fragments

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31
Q

Leading strand

A

DNA strand that is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction but is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction in a continuous matter (original)

32
Q

Gene

A

Segment on DNA, codes for making a PROTEIN (doesn’t code for amino acid, codes for SEQUENCE)

33
Q

Transcription

A

DNA>mRNA copying of DNA to synthesize RNA in NUCLEUS

34
Q

Translation

A

mRNA>amino acid sequences MAKING PROTEIN in RIBOSOME (sequence of nucleotides codes for sequence of amino acids)

35
Q

Codon

A

Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that codes for one amino acid

36
Q

Anticodon

A

Triplet of nucleotides in tRNA

37
Q

What is self replicating?

A

ONLY DNA

38
Q

One gene is

A

One polypeptide

39
Q

Hemoglobin is made of how many polypeptide chains?

A

4

40
Q

Attraction and repulsion between what group in the polypeptides?

A

Carboxyl and amino group

41
Q

3 stages of transcription

A

Initiation elongation termination

42
Q

Initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to promotor

43
Q

DNA promotor (in initiation)

A

A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA at the start of a gene; instructs RNA polymerase where to start transcribing RNA (like the “cap”)

44
Q

Elongation

A
  • RNA polymerase moves along DNA
  • Untwists DNA and turns around 10 bases at a time
  • Adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing RNA
  • 60 nucleotides/ sec
45
Q

Termination

A

Termination site on DNA i.e AATAAA signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription (“tail”)

46
Q

Cap and tail

A

2 ends protects RNA molecule from degeneration

47
Q

Gene splicing

A

Introns: non coding sequence of genes “spliced” out before translation
Exons: the coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is EXPRESSED in genotype

48
Q

Ribosome

A

Made up of 2 subunits (large/small)

Constructed in nucleoli, contains RNA and protein, 3 binding sites; 1 attach to mRNA and 2 for tRNA

49
Q

P-site

A

Holds tRNA to the growing polypeptide chain after amino acid is added

50
Q

A-site

A

Holds tRNA attached to the next amino acid to be added

51
Q

2 tRNA sites

A

A and P site, A (amino)> P (polypeptide)

52
Q

4 stages of translation

A

Codon recognition
Peptide bond formation
Elongation
Termination

53
Q

Elongation

A

Of polypeptide via movement of tRNA from A to P site on the ribosome, this allows the next codon/anticodon recognition to take place

54
Q

Termination

A

Stop codon reaches A site in the ribosome

55
Q

Heredity and the environment: light and chlorophyll

A

No light, no chlorophyll

56
Q

Environmental effect: temp and hair color

A

Lower temps, hair on Himalayan rabbits will grow back darker

57
Q

Identical twin studies

A

Comparing those separated at birth/not

58
Q

tRNA and DNA are

A

Not complimentary

59
Q

mRNA to DNA and tRNA

A

It’s complimentary (opposite)

60
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in genetic material aka base code during meiosis, must be in sex cells (damaged)

61
Q

Mutagenic agents

A

Radiation chemicals X-rays UV rays cause mutations

62
Q

Genetic mutation

A

Change in DNA sequence>change in amino acid sequence in protein

63
Q

Big idea

A
  • DNA determines amino acid sequence

* Amino acid sequence determines protein shape which determines function

64
Q

Point mutation

A

One nucleotide is changed for another MINOR (occurs in one gene)

65
Q

Frame shift mutation

A

Addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides that shifts the whole reading DEVASTATING (occurs in one gene)

66
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

Can be detected by looking at a Karyotype (picture of chromosomes)

67
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes don’t separate properly during meiosis (anaphase)
Results in one extra/one less chromosome
i.e Down syndrome (trisomy 3 21st chromosomes)

68
Q

Polyploidy

A

Extra set of chromosomes- plants, positive, increases survival/more hardy 3N, 4N

69
Q

Deletion and Addition (insertion)

A

Portion of chromosome lost/added

70
Q

Inversion

A

Section of chromosomes switched upside down

71
Q

Translocation

A

Section of chromosome transferred to another during cross over

72
Q

Nucleotide parts

A

Circle=phosphate, house=sugar, rectangle=nitrogenous base

73
Q

Does the mRNA or tRNA codon correspond to AA (amino acid)

A

mRNA

74
Q

Essential amino acids..

A

Must be acquired from external food source

75
Q

In semi conservative DNA replication..

A

Each strand of the double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of its new partner

76
Q

Hemophilia

A

Recessive mutation, x linked, improper blood clotting, cannot see with Karyotype

77
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Red blood cells sickle shaped, homozygous, Karyotype=3 in the 21st

Biology (23 decks)

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