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Biology > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hybridization

A

Individuals w/ desirable traits are mated to produce offspring w/ a COMBINATION of both traits (Horse+Donkey=Mule, Liger….sterile) type of selective breeding

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2
Q

Evolution

A

Change in population (species) overtime, we can cause it

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3
Q

Pros and cons of selective breeding

A

Pros=favorable characteristics
Cons=results not guarenteed (variation) selective breeding for certain traits may cause problems w other traits, sterility

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4
Q

Inbreeding/risk

A

Selective breeding incest used when #s of available organisms are small; recessive disorders expressed (like hemophilia) sterility

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5
Q

GMO

A

Genetically modified organism w/ desirable traits, may disturb food chain if accidentally released into wild (salmon)

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6
Q

Transgenic

A

Contains DNA from other species (GMO)

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7
Q

GMO risks

A

Creation of new allergens, fear of unknown effects on future generations

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8
Q

GM viruses pro/con

A

Pro=make vaccines

Con=used in biological warfare

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9
Q

DNA technology

A

Branch of biotech where scientists alter genomes of organisms @ molecular level (DNA codes for proteins tht determine our traits)

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10
Q

Vectors

A

A way of getting genes from 1 organism to another (bacterial plasmids, viruses)

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11
Q

Plasmids

A

Circular bacterial chromosomes (human=x) splice genes into them and use them as vectors

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12
Q

2 main reasons for using bacteria/plasmid

A

HGH (human growth hormone) or insulin (diabetes)

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13
Q

Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA

A

Cut desired gene at palindrome and combine with plasmid (gene splicing). Insert new recombinant DNA into cell of another organism. Clones recombinant DNA when cell undergoes mitosis

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14
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

Cuts plasmid and the gene being added

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15
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of an organisms genetic material

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16
Q

What codes/ doesn’t code for proteins in organisms?

A

Genes code, parts that don’t are called non-coding regions

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17
Q

Linkage map

A

Shows the relative locations of genes on a chromosome

18
Q

Human Genome Project

A

Completely map human genome by sequencing the order of nucleotides and distinguishing regions that code/non-code

19
Q

Importance of human genome project

A
  • Show EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS by comparing genes of diff species
  • Identifying genes help in diagnosing, treating, and preventing DISEASE
20
Q

Gene therapy

A

Putting correct gene into our cells, NOT inherited (injected in body cell not sex cell)

21
Q

Gene therapy challenges

A

Vector makes person sick, gene delivered to many/the right kinds of cells, delivered to right part of the cells genome, gene needs to be expressed/turned on

22
Q

Hybrid vs GMO

A
  • Hybrid=sex cells, selective breeding (cows)
  • GMO=no sex, transgenic, only hereditary if gene implanted early (plasmid, glow pigs)
  • BOTH ARTIFICIAL
23
Q

Artificial selection (Selective Breeding)

A

Individuals with desirable traits are mated to produce offspring w/ those traits (DOGS)

24
Q

Why do we fingerprint?

A

To identify ppl (CSI), paternity/maternity testing (who da babydaddy??) to see how closely 2 species are related

25
Q

Genetic markers

A

Particular stretches of DNA variable among individuals, the NON-CODING regions are highly variable

26
Q

What if you only find very little DNA for DNA fingerprinting?

A

More copies made by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) aka DNA amplification

27
Q

Steps for Gel Electrophoresis?

A

1) Amplified DNA cut w specific restriction enzyme and put in well
2) Electric current passed through gel (one side - one side +)
3) Smaller segments move faster/farther from neg>pos end
4) Gel is strained so we see banding pattern

28
Q

Gel Electrophoresis separates DNA segments by..

A

Size

29
Q

Charge of DNA?

A

Negative

30
Q

What end do we find the smallest DNA fragments?

A

Positive end

31
Q

Why do we get different banding patterns for each individual?

A

Every persons DNA is unique unless ur an identical twin

32
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

Cloning, put DNA into bacterial plasmid, will be reproduced along with host cell DNA (mitosis)

33
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

Generate animals with same genetic information of another (first mammal cloned from adult DNA=Dolly the sheep)

34
Q

SCNT

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer, fuse nucleus of a body cell into enucleated egg cell with an electric shock. Fused cells divide and become embryo. Embryo implanted into foster uterus

35
Q

Reasons for reproductive cloning

A

Agricultural productivity, raise drug producing/genetically altered animals to study for human disease, repopulate

36
Q

Therapeutic Cloning

A

Growing stem cells for Alzheimer’s, cancer, organ transplant etc

37
Q

Why would someone want to clone a gene (recombinant DNA)?

A

Making insulin for diabetes or human growth hormone

38
Q

Why would someone want to clone an animal?

A

In order to produce other animals with the same characteristics w/o selective breeding/inbreeding

39
Q

Why would someone want to use stem cells?

A

Stem cells can be promoted to any tissue in the body

40
Q

Give a reason against animal cloning

A

Unethical, many die during artificial pregnancy and animals never asked for this bro

41
Q

Give a reason against using stem cells

A

Unethical, stem cells are embryos and have to potential to become a baby

Biology (23 decks)

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