Biotechnology

Question 1

Hybridization

Answer 1

Individuals w/ desirable traits are mated to produce offspring w/ a COMBINATION of both traits (Horse+Donkey=Mule, Liger….sterile) type of selective breeding

Question 2

Evolution

Answer 2

Change in population (species) overtime, we can cause it

Question 3

Pros and cons of selective breeding

Answer 3

Pros=favorable characteristics
Cons=results not guarenteed (variation) selective breeding for certain traits may cause problems w other traits, sterility

Question 4

Inbreeding/risk

Answer 4

Selective breeding incest used when #s of available organisms are small; recessive disorders expressed (like hemophilia) sterility

Question 5

GMO

Answer 5

Genetically modified organism w/ desirable traits, may disturb food chain if accidentally released into wild (salmon)

Question 6

Transgenic

Answer 6

Contains DNA from other species (GMO)

Question 7

GMO risks

Answer 7

Creation of new allergens, fear of unknown effects on future generations

Question 8

GM viruses pro/con

Answer 8

Pro=make vaccines

Con=used in biological warfare

Question 9

DNA technology

Answer 9

Branch of biotech where scientists alter genomes of organisms @ molecular level (DNA codes for proteins tht determine our traits)

Question 10

Vectors

Answer 10

A way of getting genes from 1 organism to another (bacterial plasmids, viruses)

Question 11

Plasmids

Answer 11

Circular bacterial chromosomes (human=x) splice genes into them and use them as vectors

Question 12

2 main reasons for using bacteria/plasmid

Answer 12

HGH (human growth hormone) or insulin (diabetes)

Question 13

Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA

Answer 13

Cut desired gene at palindrome and combine with plasmid (gene splicing). Insert new recombinant DNA into cell of another organism. Clones recombinant DNA when cell undergoes mitosis

Question 14

Restriction enzyme

Answer 14

Cuts plasmid and the gene being added

Question 15

Genome

Answer 15

Complete set of an organisms genetic material

Question 16

What codes/ doesn’t code for proteins in organisms?

Answer 16

Genes code, parts that don’t are called non-coding regions

Question 17

Linkage map

Answer 17

Shows the relative locations of genes on a chromosome

Question 18

Human Genome Project

Answer 18

Completely map human genome by sequencing the order of nucleotides and distinguishing regions that code/non-code

Question 19

Importance of human genome project

Answer 19

• Show EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS by comparing genes of diff species
• Identifying genes help in diagnosing, treating, and preventing DISEASE

Question 20

Gene therapy

Answer 20

Putting correct gene into our cells, NOT inherited (injected in body cell not sex cell)

Question 21

Gene therapy challenges

Answer 21

Vector makes person sick, gene delivered to many/the right kinds of cells, delivered to right part of the cells genome, gene needs to be expressed/turned on

Question 22

Hybrid vs GMO

Answer 22

• Hybrid=sex cells, selective breeding (cows)
• GMO=no sex, transgenic, only hereditary if gene implanted early (plasmid, glow pigs)
• BOTH ARTIFICIAL

Question 23

Artificial selection (Selective Breeding)

Answer 23

Individuals with desirable traits are mated to produce offspring w/ those traits (DOGS)

Question 24

Why do we fingerprint?

Answer 24

To identify ppl (CSI), paternity/maternity testing (who da babydaddy??) to see how closely 2 species are related

Question 25

Genetic markers

Answer 25

Particular stretches of DNA variable among individuals, the NON-CODING regions are highly variable

Question 26

What if you only find very little DNA for DNA fingerprinting?

Answer 26

More copies made by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) aka DNA amplification

Question 27

Steps for Gel Electrophoresis?

Answer 27

1) Amplified DNA cut w specific restriction enzyme and put in well 2) Electric current passed through gel (one side - one side +) 3) Smaller segments move faster/farther from neg>pos end 4) Gel is strained so we see banding pattern

Question 28

Gel Electrophoresis separates DNA segments by..

Answer 28

Size

Question 29

Charge of DNA?

Answer 29

Negative

Question 30

What end do we find the smallest DNA fragments?

Answer 30

Positive end

Question 31

Why do we get different banding patterns for each individual?

Answer 31

Every persons DNA is unique unless ur an identical twin

Question 32

Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 32

Cloning, put DNA into bacterial plasmid, will be reproduced along with host cell DNA (mitosis)

Question 33

Reproductive cloning

Answer 33

Generate animals with same genetic information of another (first mammal cloned from adult DNA=Dolly the sheep)

Question 34

SCNT

Answer 34

Somatic cell nuclear transfer, fuse nucleus of a body cell into enucleated egg cell with an electric shock. Fused cells divide and become embryo. Embryo implanted into foster uterus

Question 35

Reasons for reproductive cloning

Answer 35

Agricultural productivity, raise drug producing/genetically altered animals to study for human disease, repopulate

Question 36

Therapeutic Cloning

Answer 36

Growing stem cells for Alzheimer's, cancer, organ transplant etc

Question 37

Why would someone want to clone a gene (recombinant DNA)?

Answer 37

Making insulin for diabetes or human growth hormone

Question 38

Why would someone want to clone an animal?

Answer 38

In order to produce other animals with the same characteristics w/o selective breeding/inbreeding

Question 39

Why would someone want to use stem cells?

Answer 39

Stem cells can be promoted to any tissue in the body

Question 40

Give a reason against animal cloning

Answer 40

Unethical, many die during artificial pregnancy and animals never asked for this bro

Question 41

Give a reason against using stem cells

Answer 41

Unethical, stem cells are embryos and have to potential to become a baby