Biochemistry Flashcards
Monomer
Small, simple, basic building blocks, subunits, micro molecules
96% of living things are made of:
Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N)
Polymer
Large, complex, macro molecules
Carbohydrates are used for
Energy respiration
Ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a Carb
1:2:1
Isomer/Monosaccharide
Molecules that have the same CHEMICAL FORMULA but different STRUCTURAL formula creating an entirely different substance (C6 H12 O6 as fructose or glucose)
Disaccharide
2 monosaccharides ex lactose (glucose+galactose)
Enzymes
Make chemical reactions take place by breaking chemical bonds, protein composed of amino acids in a specific shape/sequence in active site, reusable and reversible (-ASE instead of -OSE) AKA organic catalysts or bio catalysts
Hydrolysis
Breaking bonds (digestion) by adding water
Synthesis
Making bonds by removing water or dehydration
Starch
Polysaccharide from plants-stored energy (plant lipids/oils) glucose monomers (before entering liver and being broken down into glycogen)
Cellulose
Polysaccharide from plants-supports cell wall-we cannot break it down but it helps move food though digestive track
Glycogen
Polysaccharide from mammals-stored energy in liver for later use (glucose monomers after being synthesized)
Lipid structure
3 fatty acids and a glycerol in an E shape
Examples of lipids and function
Fats (protection/insulation/long term storage), steroids (cell membrane/sex cell hormones/estrogen and testosterone)
Unsaturated fats have..
Double bonds so they need less hydrogen atoms. Saturated fats have single bonds and can lead to buildup of plaque/high blood pressure
What are the building blocks/micromolecules of proteins?
Amino acids
What are the macromolecules of proteins?
Polypeptides (multiple amino acids synthesized through amino+carboxyl group together to form water)
What is the structure of an amino acid?
Carboxyl group (OH-c=o) Amino group (H-N-H) Side chain (20 different/AKA variative group/R-Group) and a Hydrogen (backbones)
To find the # of amino acids in a polypeptide structure…
Count the number of Nitrogens (N)
What does the structure/shape of enzymes determine and what is it determined by?
DNA determines structure/shape determines function
Nucleic acid
DNA and RNA, composed of Nucleotides (A,T,C,G)
Examples of proteins and function?
Hemoglobin (carries oxygen in blood) Insulin (
Vitamins
Coenzymes to help them work properly
Factors affecting enzyme activity/graph pattern?
Temperature (shrinks^optimum 37 humans v denatures) pH (denatures^optimum v denatures) Enzyme/Substrate concentration (increase^flatlines>)
Activation energy
Amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction, prevents macromolecules from decomposing spontaneously
Enzyme inhibitors
Competitive inhibitors compete for active site while non competitive bond to a different part and change shape of active site so it doesn’t fit (opposite of vitamins)