Nervous/Endocrine Flashcards
Relationship b/w regulation, homeostasis, and metabolism?
Regulation controls/coordinates Metabolism in order to maintain Homeostasis
Similarity b/w nervous and endocrine?
Maintains homeostasis and secretes chemicals (nerves secrete Neurotransmitters while endocrine glands secrete hormones)
Differences b/w nervous and endocrine?
Nervous response are rapid, endo response takes long time.
Nerves transmit impulses carried by neurons, hormones carried by plasma
Cyton
Cell body of neuron which contains nucleus and organelles
Dendrites
Short, highly branched fiber receptors that receive impulses
Axon
Long, thin fiber that carries impulses away from cell body
Myelin sheath
Fatty later that surrounds axon and allows impulses to be sent quickly (insulator)
Terminal branches
Send impulses to next neuron (terminal and dendrite don’t TOUCH)
Synapses
Gaps between neurons
Neurotransmitters
Signals released and sent from one neuron to another (specific shape!)
Sensory neurons
Carry impulses IN from receptors (SENSES) to spinal cord and brain
Interneurons
(Inter=between) relays impulses from one neuron to another in brain/spinal cord
Motor neuron
Carry impulses OUT from brain/spinal cord to effectors (muscles or glands)
Nerves
Bundle of neurons
Normal pathway response?
Stimulus>receptor (sense organ)>sensory neuron>CNS (Interneurons)>motor neuron>effector (muscle or gland)
Reflex arc
Stimulus>receptor>sensory neuron>Interneuron (Spinal cord ONLY, no brainer!)>motor neuron>effector (muscle/gland)
Cerebrum
Complex thinking
Cerebellum
Coordination of VOLUNTARY activities/BALANCE AND CONTROL
Medulla
INVOLUNTARY (automotive) activities like breathing/heartbeat, top of spinal cord
Spinal cord
Regulates REFLEXES, carries nerve impulses b/w various parts of body/brain
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
All parts of body
Somatic nervous system
Controls VOLUNTARY muscles an receives stimuli from sense organs/ transmits them to CNS
Automatic nervous system
Controls INVOLUNTARY heart muscles, glands, smooth muscles of digestive organs
Endocrine gland
Ductless glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream
Gonads
Sex organs (testes/ovaries)
Hormones
Chemical produced in one part of an organ and transported to another part
Feedback Mechanism
Change in one quantity causes a change in the second quantity which then causes a change in the first
Hypothalamus
Portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous system and controls pituitary glands
Neuron
Receive, conduct, and send impulses (electrical and chemical messages)
pituitary gland
produce more thyroxin, egg development, long bone development. releases TSH FSH GH targets other glands.
thyroid
controls rate of metabolism, physical and mental development releases thyroxin and targets all tissues
parathyroid
regulates metabolism of calcium and phosphates. releases parathormone. targets bones
adrenal
controls heart rate, blood sugar level and blood clotting rate. releases adrenaline (epinephrine) targets heart, pancreas and brain
Islets of Langerhand
in pancreas. blood sugar regulation. Releases glucagon and insulin targets all tissues
Ovaries
secondary female characteristics. releases estrogen. targets reproductive tissues
testes
secondary male characteristics. Releases testosterone. targets reproductive tissues
diabetes
improper insulin production. can’t regulate blood sugar.
goiter
enlargement of thyroid due to insufficient iodine intake
dwarfism
can be caused by the pituitary gland not producing enough growth hormone
hormones are released by _______ and travel through the _________ to reach _______.
1) gland
2) circulatory tissues
3) target tissues
receptor molecules
protein molecules in the cell membrane that can receive chemical messages from other cells (SPECIFIC)
ex) neurotransmitters and neurons/ hormones in blood and target tissue
feedback
change in “A” –> change in “B” –> change in “A”
negative feedback
helps to maintain homeostasis ad keeps conditions normal
e.g. body temp regulations, blood sugar regulations, menstrual cycle
insulin
lowers blood sugar
glucagon
increases blood sugar
blood sugar
spikes and sinks during the day
both the endocrine and nervous systems
regulate through chemicals
the nervous system
releases neurotransmitters
nerve responses are fast and short
transmits impulses via neurons
the endocrine system
releases hormones
responds are slow and last
carried by plasma
